Aulia Nisa'ul Khoir, Aberta Rulinri Siahaan, Alberth Christian Nahas, Nanda Putri Kinanti, Ayuna Santika Putri, Taryono, Mizani Ahmad, Andriani Agus
Global climate phenomena and air pollution, especially PM2.5, have a complex relationship and influence each other in Indonesia. Indonesia, as an archipelagic country located in a tropical region, is vulnerable to global climate change that occurs globally. Apart from the impacts of human activities (land burning, industrial activities, transportation), the increase of PM2.5 is also connected to climate change. This study aims to analyze the correlation of global climate phenomena, especially ENSO, Dipole Mode, and MJO, to PM2.5 in Indonesia. Model data of PM2.5 from Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services (CAMS) is used to cover the Indonesia area. This study presents the spatial correlation of PM2.5 and global climate phenomena. The results show that El Nino has a higher correlation value, compared to La Nina, which range from -0.5 to 0.6. PM2.5 and - 0.3-0.3, respectively. The correlation between PM2.5 and Dipole Mode have a high value, ranging from -0.7-0.6. During El Nino and Positive/Negative Dipole Mode, areas prone to forest fires have a positive correlation with PM2.5. Meanwhile, the Java region has a correlation value that is the opposite of the index when El Nino and Positive/Negative Dipole Mode occur. A better understanding of the relationship between global climate phenomena and air pollution, especially PM2.5, is important for developing effective mitigation strategies. The relationship between global climate phenomena and air pollution, especially PM2.5, in Indonesia, is intricate and multifaceted. Understanding this connection is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. © 2025 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.
Center for Applied Climate Information Services, Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics, Indonesia; Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Applied Climate, Bogor Agriculture Institute, Indonesia; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
