Shavera Sofiana Malia, Andryan Setyadharma, Hari Suciono
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are a major challenge in sustainable development, especially in the BRICS countries, which are the largest contributors to global emissions. This study aims to analyze the long-term relationship between industrial value added, coal energy consumption, nuclear energy consumption, exports, urbanization, and household consumption on CO2 emissions in the period 2009-2023. Using the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method, the estimation results show that coal energy consumption has a significant positive effect on CO2 emissions, while nuclear energy consumption, exports, and consumption have a significant negative effect. Meanwhile, industrial value added and urbanization do not have a significant effect. These findings emphasize the importance of the energy transition to low-carbon sources, strengthening green trade policies, and implementing clean technologies as emission mitigation strategies in BRICS countries. © 2025 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
Department of Economics, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia
