A. Setyadharma, E.D. Pramesti, S. Oktavilia, I.F.S. Wahyuningrum
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from ASEAN countries have significantly contributed to global climate change. These countries contribute to carbon dioxide emissions due to rapid investment flows and economic growth, fast population growth, and ongoing industrialisation. This study aims to examine the effects the interaction between urban areas and working-Age females' populations on CO2 emissions. The data used in this study are from 10 ASEAN Countries during 2008 to 2023. This study employs the Panel Dynamic Least Squares technique. The result from the interaction between urban populations and working-Age females' populations indicates that the higher number of working-Age females' populations reduce CO2 emissions when ASEAN countries are dominated by populations residing in urban areas than when ASEAN countries are dominated by populations residing in rural areas. This result concludes that the urbanisation by working-Age females improves the quality of the environment in ASEAN. However, this study also notices that encouraging rural-To-urban migration among working-Age females may create trade-offs. Therefore, policies promoting rural-To-urban women migration must the interconnected social and economic consequences alongside its environmental objectives. © 2025 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
Bachelor of Development Economics Study Program, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia; Master of Economics Study Program, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia; Master of Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
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