Deni Fajar Fitriyana, Rifky Ismail, Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno, Rahmat Doni Widodo, Rusiyanto Rusiyanto, Samsudin Anis, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Tezara Cionita
—Microwave irradiation has attracted considerable attention as a promising approach for synthesizing hydroxyapatite (HA) from biological sources. This article presents a systematic review of the utilization of microwave irradiation for producing HA from biological sources. Using biological sources for HA synthesis offers several advantages, including sustainability, biocompatibility, and waste utilization. Compared to conventional methods, microwave irradiation presents various notable benefits, such as reduced processing time, enhanced crystallinity, controlled morphology, energy efficiency, and scalability. Furthermore, microwave irradiation is an energy-efficient technique for synthesizing HA from biological sources that align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) numbers 3, 9, 12, 13, 15, and 17. The results of this study indicate that biological sources such as shells and fish bones are generally used for the synthesis of HA using the microwave method. However, biological sources such as mammalian bones and crab shells are still under-explored. The HA synthesis process from biogenic sources utilizing the microwave method is influenced by numerous factors, such as pH, temperature, Microwave Power (MWP), and synthesis time. Therefore, HA with the desired properties, such as crystalline phase, crystallite size, crystalline form, purity, size, and shape of particles, can be produced by determining the appropriate synthesis parameters. © 2024, International Association of Engineers. All rights reserved.
Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia; Universitas Negeri Semarang, 50229, Indonesia; Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Malaysia; Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Malaysia
