Haniif Prasetiawan, Dewi Selvia Fardhyanti, Hadiyanto, Widya Fatriasari
Bio-oil is a renewable fuel that can be derived from biomass waste, including empty palm fruit bunches, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husks. Within a biorefinery framework, bio-oil has not met fuel standards due to impurities like corrosive phenol. Thus, separating phenol from bio-oil is crucial and can be accomplished using the extraction method. This study involved pyrolyzing biomass wastes (empty fruit bunches of oil palm, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husk) in a biorefinery context to create bio-oil, which was subsequently refined via liquid-liquid extraction utilizing methanol-chloroform and ethyl acetate solvents to eliminate phenolic compounds. The methanol-chloroform extraction was performed for one hour at 50°C, whereas the ethyl acetate extraction was conducted for three hours at 70°C. Both extractions employed the same variations, specifically a bio-oil to solvent ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4, along with stirring speeds of 150 rpm, 200 rpm, 250 rpm, and 300 rpm. The resultant bio-oil from this investigation contained a complex mixture of chemical compounds and exhibited characteristics such as a pH of 5, a density of 1.116 g/mL, and a viscosity of 29.57 cSt. Optimization results using response surface methodology (RSM) indicated that the optimal yield for methanol-chloroform was 72.98% at a stirring speed of 250 rpm and a ratio of 1:3. For the ethyl acetate solvent, the maximum yield achieved was 71.78% at a stirring speed of 237.145 rpm and a ratio of 1:2. © 2025 The Authors.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Gd. E1 Lt.2, UNNES Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia; Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia; Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM46, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia
