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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading global cause of death from a single infectious agent. Recent reductions in global health funding have threatened TB control, making comprehensive assessment of TB, HIV-related TB, and drug-resistant TB burdens before these disruptions essential for shaping effective responses. The WHO End TB Strategy sets targets of a 95% reduction in TB deaths and a 90% reduction in TB incidence between 2015 and 2035. Using results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, this study aims to assess the burden of TB and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) across 204 countries and territories, and to evaluate progress towards the WHO End TB incidence and mortality targets. Methods: We quantified TB mortality using the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling platform with global vital registration, surveillance, verbal autopsy, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. For TB morbidity estimation, we simultaneously modelled incidence, prevalence, and mortality by age and sex using DisMod-MR 2.1. A population attributable fraction (PAF) approach was applied to stratify morbidity and mortality estimates by HIV and drug-resistance status. We also calculated disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. For the risk factor analysis, a comparative risk assessment framework was used and PAFs were derived for alcohol use, smoking, and high fasting plasma glucose to determine the proportion of TB burden associated with these risk factors. Findings: In 2023, there were an estimated 9·11 million (95% uncertainty interval 8·04–10·3) incident cases of all-form TB, 1·22 million (0·98–1·49) deaths, and 54·6 million (43·8–65·5) DALYs globally. HIV-related TB comprised 781 000 (690 000–879 000) incident cases and 210 000 (142 000–279 000) deaths, contributing 11·0 million (7·56–14·3) DALYs. MDR-TB accounted for 466 000 (198 000–1 080 000) incident cases, 102 000 (31 700–238 000) deaths, and 3·96 million (1·31–9·01) DALYs. From 2015 to 2023, global all-form TB incidence rates declined by 19·2% (17·8–20·5) and deaths declined by 22·6% (4·7–35·7); declines were larger for drug-susceptible TB than for MDR-TB. Sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia had the highest mortality burdens in 2023; reductions in all-form TB incidence and mortality were uneven between 2000 and 2023, with limited progress in both measures in Latin America and the Caribbean. Removing smoking, alcohol use, and high fasting plasma glucose would reduce global TB deaths to 768 000 (592 000–970 000) and DALYs to 34·9 million (27·8–43·8) in 2023; MDR-TB deaths would decrease to 77 200 (23 400–183 000) and DALYs to 3·12 million (1·03–7·29). Interpretation: Global progress towards WHO End TB targets is disparate and fragile. Although many regions achieved meaningful gains, others have stagnated in recent years. The complexity of TB prevention is amplified by divergent MDR-TB trends, the persistent burden of HIV, and growing exposure to modifiable risk factors. Recent volatility in global health financing threatens to further destabilise this vulnerable epidemiological landscape; concerted action is urgently needed to temper disruptions and preserve progress. Funding: Gates Foundation. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division or Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore; Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; OH, United States; School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Health Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Health, Jimma University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Faculty of Medicine, Capital (Helwan) University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt; Egypt; Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Health, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Faculity of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Microbiology, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'A, Yemen; Tropical Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology (USTY), Sana'A, Yemen; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Biology, Salahaddin-Erbil University, Erbil, Iraq; School of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Immunology, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Shortanbayev General Immunology Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Basic Science Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinic for Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Research and Development, Healthy Africans Platform, Ibadan, Nigeria; Zoology Department, Benha University, Benha, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Rus Sudr, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; School of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan; Germany; Department of Nursing, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Clinical Trials Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Government of Nepal (GoN), Lalitpur, Nepal; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Nursing Science, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Nigeria; Public & Environmental Education and Health Service Directorate Office, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria; NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc., Ilesa, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Centre for Health Systems Support and Development, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Federal Medical Center Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of HIV and Infectious Diseases, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India; College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesia, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education Winneba, Winneba, Ghana; School of Arts and Social Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Bunbury, WA, Australia; Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria; School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India; MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman; Gomal Medical College, Khyber Medical University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Physiotherapy Department, Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Kano, Nigeria; College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; University College, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biosciences, University of Hail, Hail City, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Community Health Sciences, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Pan-African One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali, Rwanda; School of Medicine and Surgery, Amoud University, Borama, Somalia; Somalia; College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Assistance Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan; Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Radiology, I-ELCAP Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Microbial, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Gujranwala Medical College, Gujranwala, Pakistan; University of Warwick, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Medecins Sans Frontieres - Holland (Emergency Desk), Omdurman, Sudan; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, United States; VentrureBlick; College of Medicine, College of Medicine -Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman; Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Nursing, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Albukayriyah, Saudi Arabia; College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Adult Health and Critical Care, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; College of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Egaila, Kuwait; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, United States; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana'A, Yemen; Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Ambulance Department, Abu Dhabi Civil Defence Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Physics, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Respiratory Therapy Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Geospatial and Tuberculosis Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community Medicine, Fatima Jinnah Women University/Shifa Tameer-e-Milat, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq; The School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratory, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Pharmacy Practice, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Family and Community Medicine Department, Qassim University, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Laboratories, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; College of Nursing, Riyadh Elm university, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Nursing Faculty, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait; Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia; Department of Pathology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Medical and Diagnostic Research Center& Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Irbid, Jordan; Health Science Division, Higher Collage of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda; Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; University of Gondar, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Allied Medical Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Karak, Jordan; Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Health Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Health Technology Assessment, Alzak, Cartagena, Colombia; Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'A, Yemen; Department of Cardiologic Intensive Care, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Clinical Sciences - Orthopaedic, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Baharu, Malaysia; Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Bio-Medical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Health and Management Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Soddo Christian Hospital, Soddo, Ethiopia; Clinical Team, Srotas Health Limited, Holywood, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Division of Medical Research, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute Of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Petlad, India; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Management, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Public Health, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India; Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Midwifery, Wachemo University, Hosaena, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India; College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Care in Long Term Conditions Research Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Grupo 15, CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Federal Research & Clinic Center of Space Medicine and Biology of the Federal Biomedical Agency, Federal Research & Clinic Center of Space Medicine and Biology of the Federal Biomedical Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation; Faculty of Business and Law, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Clinical Disciplines, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norway; Department of Pharmacy Practice, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, AdventHealth, Sebring, FL, United States; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India; Department of Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Deakin Health Economics, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Global Health, Center for Epidemic Research and Outbreak Preparedness, Kampala, Uganda; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS Dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS Dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Atchabar Scientific Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Science, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medical Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigart, Ethiopia; Ethiopia; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy; Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Health Outcome and Policy Evaluation, Thailand National Health Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan; Internal Medicine Department, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Health Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Tigray Health Research Institute, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Maternal and Child Health Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory Sciences Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Brown School of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan; Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; College of Veteranary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; College of Health Science, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Collage of Science, Chemistry Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia; Microbioloy Department, Alkamleen College, Khartoum, Sudan; Microbioloy Department, AL Yarmouk Collage, Khartoum -Sudan, Sudan; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, South Africa; Division of Health System and Public Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Directorate of Quality Assurance, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Food & Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India; Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Applied College, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea; Research and Scientific Division, Ministry of Health, Free Town, Sierra Leone; Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Pathological Physiology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; MAHER Centre for Global Health Research, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, India; Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia; National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Health Education, University of Ibadan, School And Community Health, Nigeria; School of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Professorial Unit - Medicine, Teaching Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Department of Pharmacology, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius; Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Center for Higher Studies and Research, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Biochemistry Department, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Public Health Education, University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Mampong, Ghana; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia, Terengganu, Malaysia; University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; IT Department, Coforge, Georgia, GA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, India; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Associate Membership Unit, Ethiopian Public Health Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; University of Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; Department of Dermatovenereology, University of Gondar, Gondar City, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Community Medicine Department, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Madurai, India; College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo, Greece; BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Health Systems Strengthening, Global Health Advocacy Incubator, Washington, DC, United States; Centre for Policy Research and Data Analytics in Health and Environment, All India Institute for Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Sintra, Portugal; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; National Institute for Implementation Research on Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jodhpur, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Gross Pointe Woods, MI, United States; Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Family Medicine Department, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, United States; School of Education, Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Research, Bengal Rural Welfare Service, Kolkata, India; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Innovation UBC, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Indonesia; Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia; Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Savar, Bangladesh; Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; School of Allied Health Sciences, Noida International University, Greater Noida, India; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramanathapuram, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Facultad De Salud (faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria; Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU, & Sepsis Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chittoor, India; Faculty of Health Sciences Healthcare Management Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Nephrology and Critical Care Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; India; Department of Public Health and Health Sciences, Tennessee State University (TSU), Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pune, India; Clinical Project Management Office, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; International Institute of Yoga and Naturopathy Medical Sciences, International Institute of Yoga and Naturopathy Medical Sciences, Chengalpattu, India, Tamil Nadu, Chengalpattu, India; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; SRM School of Public Health, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; College of Applied & Health Sciences, College of Applied & Health Sciences, Ibra North Sharqiyah Governorate, Oman; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Public Health Department, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Science University of Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia; Department of Health, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, SA, Australia; Karnavati Scientific Research Centre, Karnavati Scientific Research Centre, Gandhinagar, India; Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Amoud University, Hargiesa, Somalia; Division of Delivery Research/Implementation Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India; Institute for Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden; General Planning Department, Sun Group International Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Nursing Program, Vin University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; International Center for Materials Sciences and Technology, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Jadara Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Pharmacology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chittoor, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Moddhya and Dokkhin Bangladesh Shishu Unnoyan Prokolpo-Sagorika, BD 0504, Compassion International Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Research, State Cancerology Institute of Colima, Colima, Mexico; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis “Podhrastovi”, University Clinical Center in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Public Health and Environment Research Centre (PERC), Lalitpur, Nepal; Department of Global Health Epidemiology Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India; JSS Medical College, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences in INDIA, Coimbatore, India; Department of Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hajipur, Hajipur, India; Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Public Health Intelligence Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Human Physiology, Baze University, Fct, Nigeria; Care and Health Program, Care and Health Program, Yaounde, Cameroon; Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India; Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Irfan Suat Gunsel Operational Research Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey; Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; NanoBioMedicine International Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan; Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Fish Farming and Technology Institute, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Emergency Preparedness & Response (EPR), Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, Gamal Abdel Nasser University Conakry (UGANC), Conakry, Guinea; Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed the First, Oujda, Morocco; Perelman's School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Public Health Programs Unit, Society for Disease Prevention, Inc., York, PA, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Healthcare Policy and Financing, Global Health Focus, Khartoum, Sudan; National Institute of Public Health Research, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Specialty Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Heathcare, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Molecular Biology Department, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt; Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Epartment of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Health Research and Technology Transfer Directorate, South Ethiopia Region Public Health Institute, Jinka, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, University of Texas at el Paso, Texas, TX, United States; Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Hat Yai, Thailand; Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Anatomy, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Igbo Eno, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Nigeria; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Infection Research Unit, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Environmental Health Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Global Health & Innovation Lab, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Surgery, Clinical and Public Health Research, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Respiratory Therapy Department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Geography and Geoinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia; Technical Institute of Suwaria, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, QLD, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia; Medical School, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia; Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, India; Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Tuberculosis, Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique; Viral and Bacterial Infections Research Program, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; University of Southern Queensland, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, India; Public Health Department, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; PA, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq; Iraq; Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; International University of Health and Welfare, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan; Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Zoology, KKS Women's College, Balasore, India; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Anatomy, Cebu Institute of Medicine, Cebu City, Philippines; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Greece; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India; Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services), City Of Knowledge, Panama; School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Department of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Midwifery Department, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; School of Global Health and Bioethics, Euclid University, Banjul, Gambia; Department of Microbiology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria; Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Laboratory Oncology Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India; Department of Nephrology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India; Centre for Toxicovigilance & Drug Safety, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Central Armed Police Forces Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS-CAPFIMS), Delhi, India; Department of Respiratory Care, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Health - School of Dentistry - Oral Public Health, Univeristy of the Valley, Cali, Colombia; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Research Unit in Epidemiology Clinic, Mexican Institute of Social Segurity, Colima, Mexico; Kinesiology Department, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile; College of Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; Department of Infectious Diseases, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Training Center, Kurdistan Higher Council of Medical Specialties, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Infectious Diseases Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Animal Diseases, King Salman International University, Ras Sudr, Egypt; Department of Statistics and Informatics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of General Surgery and Urology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Edirne Public Health Center, Edirne Provincial Health Directorate, Edirne, Turkey; Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, A’ Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; School of Nursing and Midwivery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Faculty Of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Department of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Community Medicine, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria; Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; National Center for Biosafety and Biosecurity, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alter-native Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Nursing, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand; Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; School of Computer Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of AI, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Iran; Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Center for Health Innovation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Chattogram, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Maternal Care and Child Health Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Advanced Institute of Convergence Knowledge Informatics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Pediatric Nursing Department, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Head, Salale University, Gerba Guracha, Ethiopia; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Community Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Physiotherapy Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biology, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Clinical Medicine Department, Wahat Al Shifa Medical Center, Madinah Al Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Medical College Hospital, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Health Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Department of Health Information Magement, Buraydah Private Colleges, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Cairo, Egypt; Department of Environmental Health, Poltekkes Kemenkes Mamuju (Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health, Mamuju, Indonesia; School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Public Health, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of 4-Green Research Socoiety, 4-Green Research Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Clinical Laboratory Department, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Tobruk, Libya; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Knowledge Translation Program, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Health Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States; Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; MA, United States; Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Primary Care Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Public and Community Health, Frontier University Garowe, Puntland, Somalia; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States; Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Nursing, Middle Technical University of Kut Technical Institute, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Centre for Evidence Synthesis and Implementation Research, Cephas Health Research Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Institute of Evidence Based Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Health Policy and Management Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Information Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, Pakistan; Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore Medical Research Center (LMRC), Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Iran; Amref International University, Amref Health Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Health and Nutrition, Action Against Hunger, Nigeria, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Nigeria; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Community Medicine, Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur, India; SRM School of Public Health, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Faculty of Applied & Basic Sciences, SGT University of Medical Sciences, Gurugram, India; Institute of National Importance, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Department of Pathology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Research Department, TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Pharmacology, Campbell University, Lillington, NC, United States; Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia; Department of General Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of General Medical Practice No. 2, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine; School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc., Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Thomas Adewumi University, Oko, Nigeria; Center for Marine and Aquatic Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital Chennai, Chennai, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New York University, New York, NY, United States; 2nd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, United States; Department of Research Management, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Artificial Intelligence in Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Management (Hospital and Health Care Management, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India; Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of General Medicine and Evidence Based Practice, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Public Health Nutrition and Nursing Related, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, West Hararghe, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health—Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, United States; Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Mayo Artificial Intelligence Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Computer Science, Dhanamanjuri University, Imphal, India; Center for Tobacco Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jindal School of Public Health and Human Development, O. P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India; Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Pharmacy, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan; Jordan; National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan; Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Department of Rani Omico-informatics Feeds and Pharmaceuticals (pvt) Limited, RANI Omico-informatics Feeds and Pharmaceuticals (PVT) Limited, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO, United States; Department of Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'An, China; Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Hospital, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacy, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics, Pakistan Army Medical Corps, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Oman; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Cardiology, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Anwar Sheikha Medical City, Qaiwan Health, Anwar Sheikha Medical City, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Health and Healing Research, Boston, MA, United States; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, United States; Department of Nursing, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; MD, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CGC University, Mohali, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana; Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Department of Public Health, Central University, Accra, Ghana; Central University, Accra, Ghana; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Physiology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Oral Biology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Parul Institute of Public Health, Parul Institute of Public Health, Vadodara, India; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; School of Physical Education, Henan University, Keifeng, China; Department of Medical Education and Informatics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Amity Centre for Water Studies and Research, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Amity Institute of Health Allied Sciences, Amity University Noida, Noida, India; Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India; SRM Centre for Clinical Trials and Research (CCTR), Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Mathematics, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India; Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Iyari, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Lady Hardinge Medical College, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India; Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India; Bilawal Medical College-MBBS, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Microbiology, Presidency College Chennai, Chennai, India; Faculty of Education, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Gastroenterology Department, Ahalia Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; College of Allied Health Sciences, Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, India; Department of Economics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India; Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Lincoln Institute of Rural and Coastal Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of General Medical Practice, NJSC “Astana Medical University”, Astana, Kazakhstan; Research Unit of National Center for Mental Health, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Fort Hare, East London, South Africa; Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: the Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Health Policy, Airlangga Centre for Health Policy, Surabaya, Indonesia; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana Town, Ethiopia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; School of Physical Therapy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Centre for Clinical Trials, Lagos, Nigeria; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia; School of Psychology, Social Work and Public Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Brookes Epidemiological Surveillance Taskforce, Oxford, United Kingdom; Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-Si, South Korea; Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Clinical Sciences Department, Shaqra University, Sharqa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Bishops Close Medical Practice, Bishops Close Medical Practice, Durham, United Kingdom; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidad Santa Paula, Curribadat, Costa Rica; Cardiovascular Pharmacology Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Faculty of Medicine OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; MedStar Health Georgetown University Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Geospatial Health and Development Team-Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Scientific Research and Surveillance Systems, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia; School of Medicine, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland; Ireland; The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Dodoma Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania; College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Management of Information Systems Department, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Center for Global Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Veterinary Pathology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South Of Sinai, Egypt; School of Infection & Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Ophthalmology Department, Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ruaha Catholic University (RUCU), Iringa, Tanzania; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Science, Pondicherry, India; Research Center, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Physics Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Global One Health, Ohio State University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Internal Medicine Department, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, United States; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman; Department of Physiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Ras Sudr, Egypt; Campus Fortaleza, Federal Institute of Education, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Community Medicine, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pondicherry, India; Ayub Medical College, Khyber Medical University, Abbottabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Ponorogo, Indonesia; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Board of Directors, Association of Resident Physicians, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Department of Epidemiology, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Nursing, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia; Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Cumilla, Bangladesh; Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Manila, Philippines; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Mercer University School of Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States; Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences - CUVAS Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Department of Nursing, Komar University of Science and Technology, Kurdistan Sulemaniya, Iraq; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research & Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Dirección General De Investigación, Desarrollo E Innovación (dgidi), Universidad Científica Del Sur (University of the South), Lima, Peru; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Trinity Medical Sciences University, St. Vincent, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Pathology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University “Federico II” of Naples, Naples, Italy; RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Rak, United Arab Emirates; University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; College of Pharmacy, Nawroz University, Duhok, Iraq; Institute of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Ethiopian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Medical Demography Unit, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; School of Pharmacy, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; The Apollo University, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India; Thumbay College of Management and AI in Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Research and Development Department, Panacea Institute of Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Varanasi, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Global Health & Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Nursing College, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre For Interdisciplinary Research In Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Department of Bacteriology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India; Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, India; Department of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Division of Life Sciences, St. John Fisher University, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Facultad De Salud, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago De Cali, Colombia; Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; School of Pharmacy, International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan; National University-Sudan, Faculty of Clinical and Industrial Pharmacy, Khartoum, Sudan; Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Radiology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Health Economics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India; Career Development Center, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Department of Paediatrics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Amoud University, Amoud University, Borama, Somalia; School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology FAMS, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health Sciences and Technology, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth, Hyderabad, India; Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Public Health, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Computer Science and IT, Torrens University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Thrissur, India; Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India; School of Bioscience and Clinical Research, Apeejay Stya University, New Delhi, India; Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India; Department of Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Vermont, South Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Kent State University, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; TroDDIVaT Initiative, Frontline Association, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Biomedical Research and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Research and Innovation Center, Dalhousie University, Kigali, Rwanda; African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Euromed Research Center, Euromed University of Fes, Fez, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; Research, Innovation, and Data Sceince Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; College of Health Sciences, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Viet Nam; Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospitals, Merrillville, IN, United States; International Institute of Training and Research (INSTAR), VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; The Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, NSW, Australia; College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Epidemiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang (State University of Semarang), Kota Semarang, Indonesia; School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Mathematics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Global Health Policy and Development, Sub-Saharan Africa Research for Sustainable Development (SSARSD) Project, Berekum, Ghana; Technical Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Global Health Policy Lab, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Global Health Department, Euclid University, Banqui, Central African Republic; Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Extra Mural Unit on the Intersection of Infectious and Non Communicable Diseases, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Midwifery Department, Poltekkes Kemenkes Palu, Palu, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Oghara, Nigeria; Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania; College of Computing, Data Science and Society, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; DUT-DSTI Space Science and CNS Research Center, Durban University of Technoilogy, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medical Micro-biology and Parasitology, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Department of Pfizer Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Infectious Diseases, Brandeis University, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Abeokuta, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Community Medicine, David Umahi Federal University Teaching Hospital, Uburu, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Nigeria; College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Public Health Department, University of East London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, WA, United States; Caleb University, Lagos, Nigeria; Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc: Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; Biology Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Division of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Center for Translation and Implementation Research, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Services, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Scientific Laboratory “Center for Collective Use”, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Dirección De Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition), Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad De Investigación De Salud En El Trabajo, Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; University of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Health Services, Federal University Lokoja, Lojoka Kogi State, Nigeria; School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana; School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education Science & Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Plant Systems Biology, International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Nadiad, India; Department of Instiute of Physiotherapy, Srinivas University, Mangalore, India; Primary Health Center, Directorate of Public Health and Family Welfare, Eluru District, India; Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Bhubaneswar, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology in India, Bhubaneswar, India; Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, India; Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; Division of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; First Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Department of Primary Care and General Practice, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russian Federation; Department of Cardiology, Parve Nursing Home, Sindkhed Raja, India; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Apollo Institutue of Medical Sciences and Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Department of Cardiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States; Department of Cardiology, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Kansas City, MO, United States; Department of Physical Therapy, Right Motion Physical Therapy PT PC, Woodbury, NY, United States; Department of Computer Science and Bioscience, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India; Zoology Section, Regional Institute of Education (RIE), Ajmer, India; Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Long Island University, Fairfield, NJ, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Research Consultancy, Author Gate Publications, Malegaon, India; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States; Department of Community Medicine, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Vita Salute San Raffaele University in Milan (Italy), Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa (University of Lisbon), Lisbon, Portugal; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria; Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Human Immunology and Translational Research, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Fundamental Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Center in Advancing Community Healthcare, Surabaya, Indonesia; CSIR-NIScPR, CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, New Delhi, India; Technology Transfer Center, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Al-Rafidain University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Luhansk, Ukraine; Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia in Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; St. Cyril and Methodius University- Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India; Department of Mathematics, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Immunology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkey; Internal Medical Faculty, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Institute of Epidemiology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria; LIRSSEI Research Lab, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hajipur, Hajipur, India; Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra, India; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Trauma and Emergency Medicine Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, India; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Chemical Engineerinag and Procesiing, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland; Preclinical Department, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia; Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Midwifery, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Palu, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy, Govt. Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College and Hospital, Dhanbad, India; Department of Research, Eastern Scientific LLC, Richmond, KY, United States; Planetary Health Research Centre (PHRC), Kathmandu, Nepal; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Nitte (deemed to Be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College PGIMSR and Model Hospital, Bengaluru, India; Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Centre for Digital Health and Precision Medicine, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Department of Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India; Department of Infection Prevention & Control, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre for Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de la Sabana (Savannah University), Chia, Colombia; Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad de la Sabana (Savannah University Clinic), Chia, Colombia; School of Environment, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark; College of Nursing, Insitut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, Kediri, Indonesia; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Santosh (Deemed to be University), Delhi, India; School of Nursing, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Bantul, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India; Department of Population Health, School of Health Sciences, Hempstead, NY, United States; Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Miyan Research Institute, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada; West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India; Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India; Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea; School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland; Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary; Research Institute for Health Sciences and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health in Disaster & Emergency, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; College of Applied and Health Sciences, A’ Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman; ICMR - National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (ICMR NIRBI), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India; Department of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Health Professional Technologies, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India; Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Pharmacy, Women University of Bagh, Bagh, Pakistan; College of Pharmacy, Al-Hadba University, Mosul, Iraq; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurobiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Federal University Dutse Jigawa State Nigeria, Federal University Dutse Jigawa State, Dutse Jigawa State, Nigeria; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Benang Merah Research Center, Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia; Department of Entomology VectorLink, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Department of Pediatrics, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; CVM Nursing College, The Charutar Vidya Mandal (CVM) University, Anand, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India; Botany Department, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, India; Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin, WI, United States; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Medical Physics Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Carnegie Mellon University, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Precision Medicine Department, Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli), Naples, Italy; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Malaysia; Department of Public Health Sciences, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, United States; Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Dean's Office, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Vital Strategies, New York, NY, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India; Faculty of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Musculoskeletal Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Biomedical Informatics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Pakistan; Department of Oncology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Family and Community center, Al Wazarat, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, KSA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Family and Community center, Al Wazarat, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy; National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Italy; Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; School of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Department of Plantation Spices Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Agricultural University in India, Mohanpur, India; School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Burnley, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria; School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India; Department of Forensic Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India; Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Amity Institute of Health Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; Department of Nephrology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India; RT-PCR Laboratory, Regional Hospital Una, Una, India; Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Physiotherapy Department, Federal University of Health Sciences, Azare, Nigeria; University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Alva's Insitute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Moodubidire, India; KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, Austria; Department of Public Health, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Physiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Community Nutrition, Family Health International(FHI360), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Maternal and Child Nutrition, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Gautam Buddh Nagar, India; Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridiski”, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Clinical Practice, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, University System of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal; Person-Centered Research, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Noida International University, Greater Noida, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University of Hail, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Department of RISE Health, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Noida, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India; Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, India; School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, United States; The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Computer Science & Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Mehta Family School of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar Garhwal, India; ESIC Medical College and Hospital, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Ranchi, India; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Department of Environmental Technology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Medical Research, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpettu, India; Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt; Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada; Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India; Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Health, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India; Department of Pathology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States; Department of Public Health, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan; Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Physiology, Saveetha University, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India; Department of General Medicine, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medical and Life Science, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Yobe, Nigeria; Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University, Dutse, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Universitas Jember, Lumajang, Indonesia; Indonesia; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China; Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Biochemistry, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Teacher, University of Dian Nuswantoro, Semarang, Indonesia; Department of Squad Medicine and Research (SMR), Indian Council of Medical Research, Amadalavalasa, India; Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, India; Institute of Medical Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Department of Health, Safety, and Environmental Management, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, United Kingdom; Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Duhok Research Centre, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Manhasset, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University, Negeri Seremban, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia; Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Software Engineering, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Patient Safety Research Fellow, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Sylhet M.A.G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Public Health Under Institute of Health of Jimma University, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences (KAHS), Jumla, Nepal; Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neonatology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Health, Ethics, and Society, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Global Surgery Department, Data Science Center for the Study of Surgery, Buea, Cameroon; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan; Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Studies in Economics and Planning, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India; Institute of Advanced Materials (IAAM), Sweden, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAAM), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Department of Microbiology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, India; Hospital Health Management Directorate, Local Health Authority of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; CRIMEDIM Center for Research and Training in Global Health, Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Population Health, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Group, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; ESIC Medical College PGIMSR and Model Hospital, Bengaluru, India; ESIC Alumni Association, Bengaluru, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Daffodil International University (DIU), Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Independent Consultant, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; North Central Regional Health Authority, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago; School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (Pontifical Catholic University of Chile), Santiago, Chile; SENTINET: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and New Technologies for Infectious Emerging Threats, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Advocacy, Maternal and Reproductive Health Collective, Surulere, Nigeria; Research and Education Department, Oli Health Magazine Organization (OHMO), Kigali, Rwanda; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri, Malaysia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Irfan Suat Gunsel Operational Research Institute, Near East University, Mersin, Turkey; Department of Orthodontics, University of Trakya, Edirne, Turkey; College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; District Medical Office, Malappuram, Department of Health Services, Malappuram, India; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala, Trivandrum, India; ICMR School of Public Health, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; School of Epidemioloy, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Henry S.Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Directorate General for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Health and Human Performance, York College/City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Center for Innovation in Mental Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Education, Akal University, Bathinda, India; Researcher at QIMR Berghofer Research Institute, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Széchenyi István University, Gyor, Hungary; Department of Social Sciences, Chuka University, Nairobi, Kenya; Population Studies and Research Institute, Chuka University, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Arlington, VA, United States; Marshall Centre for Interventions in Infectious Disease, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Health Statistics, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China; School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Adult Health Nursing/School of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Quality and Clinical Governance, Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Nursing, Universitas Aisyiyah Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Department of Research Organisation, Inter-Continental Omni-Research in Medicine Collaborative, Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Douala, Cameroon; Africa CDC Youth Programme, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Brown School of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Abuakwa North Municipal Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Kukurantumi, Ghana; Division of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Policy and Administration, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Business Administration, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Center for Postgraduate Education and Training, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Occupational Diseases, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Hematology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Institute Of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Innovation and Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen; Health Investigation Center, Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Tarija, Bolivia; Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, United States; Mohammed VI International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco; Institute for Healthcare System Analysis (IA2S), Paris, France; Higher Education Archives & Libraries Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science in College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Metropolitan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade De Sao Paulo, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Building Engineering and Environment, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine; Department of Civil Engineering and Sustainable Structures, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine; NUS-IHME Global Burden of Disease Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
