Mohsen Naghavi, Kanyin Liane Ong, Amirali Aali, Hazim S. Ababneh, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab, Mohammad Abdollahi, Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar, Meriem Abdoun, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Auwal Abdullahi, Mesfin Abebe, Samrawit Shawel Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, E.S. Abhilash, Hassan Abidi, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Meysam Abolmaali, Mohamed Abouzid, Girma Beressa Aboye, Lucas Guimaraes Abreu, Woldu Aberhe Abrha, Dariush Abtahi, Samir Abu Rumeileh, Hasan Abualruz, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Tadele Girum Adal, Abdu A. Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Giovanni Addolorato, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Victor Adekanmbi, Abiola Victor Adepoju, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka, Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye, Biruk Adie Admass, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saryia Adra, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Pradyumna Agasthi, Manik Aggarwal, Shahin Aghamiri, Feleke Doyore Agide, Antonella Agodi, Anurag Agrawal, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Firdos Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Shahzaib Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A. Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Budi Aji, Essona Matatom Akara, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Karolina Akinosoglou, Tomi Akinyemiju, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Samuel Akyirem, Hanadi Al Hamad, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Fares Alahdab, Samer O. Alalalmeh, Tariq A. Alalwan, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Manjurul Alam, Noore Alam, Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M. Alanzi, Sayer Al-Azzam, Almaza Albakri, Mohammed Albashtawy, Mohammad T. AlBataineh, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Khalifah A. Aldawsari, Wafa A. Aldhaleei, Robert W. Aldridge, Haileselasie Berhane Alema, Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu, Sharifullah Alemi, Yihun Mulugeta Alemu, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Khalid F. Alhabib, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Abid Ali, Amjad Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Shahid Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Reyhaneh Alikhani, Yousef Alimohamadi, Ahmednur Adem Aliyi, Mohammad A. M. Aljasir, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Francois Alla, Peter Allebeck, Sabah Al-Marwani, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Louay Almidani, Omar Almidani, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Basem Al-Omari, Jordi Alonso, Jaber S. Alqahtani, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Deborah Oyine Aluh, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Hassan Alwafi, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Safwat Aly, Karem H. Alzoubi, Reza Amani, Azmeraw T. Amare, Prince M. Amegbor, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Dickson A. Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, David B. Anderson, Pedro Prata Andrade, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Colin Angus, Abhishek Anil, Sneha Anil, Amir Anoushiravani, Hossein Ansari, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Catherine M. Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Saeid Anvari, Saleha Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Muhammad Aqeel, Juan Pablo Arab, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Abdulfatai Aremu, Olatunde Aremu, Hany Ariffin, Mesay Arkew, Benedetta Armocida, Michael Benjamin Arndt, Johan Arnlov, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A. Artamonov, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Ashokan Arumugam, Malke Asaad, Mohsen Asadi-Lari, Akeza Awealom Asgedom, Mona Asghariahmadabad, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Muhammad Ashraf, Armin Aslani, Thomas Astell-Burt, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu, Habtamu Wondmagegn Atlaw, Prince Atorkey, Maha Moh'D Wahbi Atout, Alok Atreya, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Abolfazl Avan, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Amlaku Mulat Aweke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Haleh Ayatollahi, Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos, Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, Sina Azadnajafabad, Rui M. S. Azevedo, Ahmed Y. Azzam, B.B. Darshan, Abraham Samuel Babu, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D. Badiye, Soroush Baghdadi, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Sulaiman Bah, Saeed Bahadorikhalili, Najmeh Bahmanziari, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L. Baker, Abdulaziz T. Bako, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Madhan Balasubramanian, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Kiran Bam, MacIej Banach, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Palash Chandra Banik, Hansi Bansal, Kannu Bansal, Franca Barbic, Martina Barchitta, Mainak Bardhan, Erfan Bardideh, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Barnighausen, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Lope H. Barrero, Amadou Barrow, Sandra Barteit, Lingkan Barua, Zarrin Basharat, Azadeh Bashiri, Afisu Basiru, Pritish Baskaran, Buddha Basnyat, Quique Bassat, João Diogo Basso, Ann V. L. Basting, Sanjay Basu, Kavita Batra, Bernhard T. Baune, Mohsen Bayati, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Thomas Beaney, Neeraj Bedi, Massimiliano Beghi, Emad Behboudi, Priyamadhaba Behera, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Masoud Behzadifar, Maryam Beiranvand, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Yannick Béjot, Sefealem Assefa Belay, Chalie Mulu Belete, Michelle L. Bell, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Luis Belo, Apostolos Beloukas, Rose Grace Bender, Isabela M. Bensenor, Azizullah Beran, Zombor Berezvai, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Betyna N. Berice, Robert S. Bernstein, Gregory J. Bertolacci, Paulo J. G. Bettencourt, Kebede A. Beyene, Devidas S. Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Dinesh Bhandari, Kayleigh Bhangdia, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Prarthna V. Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Sonu Bhaskar, Vivek Bhat, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Manpreet S. Bhatti, Rajbir Bhatti, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Boris Bikbov, Jessica Devin Bishai, Catherine Bisignano, Francesca Bisulli, Atanu Biswas, Bijit Biswas, Saeid Bitaraf, Bikes Destaw Bitew, Veera R. Bitra, Tone Bjørge, Micheal Kofi Boachie, Mary Sefa Boampong, Anca Vasilica Bobirca, Virginia Bodolica, Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin, Eyob Ketema Bogale, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Somayeh Bohlouli, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Archith Boloor, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi, Aime Bonny, Kaustubh Bora, Berrak Bora Basara, Hamed Borhany, Arturo Borzutzky, Souad Bouaoud, Antoine Boustany, Christopher Boxe, Edward J. Boyko, Oliver J. Brady, Dejana Braithwaite, Luisa C. Brant, Michael Brauer, Alexandra Brazinova, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Nicholas J. K. Breitborde, Susanne Breitner, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Julie Brown, Traolach Brugha, Norma B. Bulamu, Lemma N. Bulto, Danilo Buonsenso, Richard A. Burns, Reinhard Busse, Yasser Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A. Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos, Daniela Calina, Luis Alberto Camera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Angelo Capodici, Rosario Cárdenas, Sinclair Carr, Giulia Carreras, Juan J. Carrero, Andrea Carugno, Cristina G. Carvalheiro, Felix Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Giulio Castelpietra, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alberico L. Catapano, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Christopher R. Cederroth, Luca Cegolon, Francieli Cembranel, Muthia Cenderadewi, Kelly M. Cercy, Ester Cerin, Muge Cevik, Joshua Chadwick, Yaacoub Chahine, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Raymond N. C. Chan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Eeshwar K. Chandrasekar, Chin-Kuo Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Gashaw Sisay Chanie, Periklis Charalampous, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Angela W. Chen, An-Tian Chen, Catherine S. Chen, Haowei Chen, Meng Xuan Chen, Simiao Chen, Ching-Yu Cheng, Esther T. W. Cheng, Nicolas Cherbuin, Wondimye Ashenafi Cheru, Ju-Huei Chien, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ritesh Chimoriya, Patrick R. Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Abdulaal Chitheer, William C. S. Cho, Bryan Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Rajiv Chowdhury, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Eric Chung, Erin Chung, Eunice Chung, Sheng-Chia Chung, Muhammad Chutiyami, Zinhle Cindi, Iolanda Cioffi, Mareli M. Claassens, Rafael M. Claro, Kaleb Coberly, Rebecca M. Cogen, Alyssa Columbus, Haley Comfort, Joao Conde, Samuele Cortese, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Vera Marisa Costa, Simona Costanzo, Ewerton Cousin, Rosa A. S. Couto, Richard G. Cowden, Kenneth Michael Cramer, Michael H. Criqui, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Silvia Magali Cuadra-Hernandez, Garland T. Culbreth, Patricia Cullen, Matthew Cunningham, Maria Paula Curado, Sriharsha Dadana, Omid Dadras, Siyu Dai, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Lachlan L. Dalli, Giovanni Damiani, Jiregna Darega Gela, Jai K. Das, Saswati Das, Subasish Das, Ana Maria Dascalu, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Mohsen Dashti, Anna Dastiridou, Gail Davey, Claudio Alberto Davila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Kairat Davletov, Diego De Leo, Katie De Luca, Aklilu Tamire Debele, Shayom Debopadhaya, Louisa Degenhardt, Azizallah Dehghan, Lee Deitesfeld, Cristian Del Bo, Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Berecha Hundessa Demessa, Andreas K. Demetriades, Ke Deng, Xinlei Deng, Edgar Denova-Gutierrez, Niloofar Deravi, Nebiyu Dereje, Nikolaos Dervenis, Emina Dervišević, Don C. Des Jarlais, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Rupak Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Vishal R. Dhulipala, Diana Dias Da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Michael J. Diaz, Adriana Dima, Delaney D. Ding, Huanghe Ding, Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira, M. Ashworth Dirac, Shirin Djalalinia, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Camila Bruneli Do Prado, Saeid Doaei, Masoud Dodangeh, Milad Dodangeh, Sushil Dohare, Klara Georgieva Dokova, Christiane Dolecek, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Wanyue Dong, Deepa Dongarwar, Mario D'Oria, Fariba Dorostkar, E. Ray Dorsey, Wendel Mombaque Dos Santos, Rajkumar Doshi, Leila Doshmangir, Robert Kokou Dowou, Tim Robert Driscoll, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Viola Dsouza, Mi Du, John Dube, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Abdel Rahman E'Mar, Ejemai Eboreime, Alireza Ebrahimi, Chidiebere Peter Echieh, Hisham Atan Edinur, David Edvardsson, Kristina Edvardsson, Defi Efendi, Ferry Efendi, Diyan Ermawan Effendi, Terje Andreas Eikemo, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Iffat Elbarazi, Teshome Bekele Elema, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Frank J. Elgar, Islam Y. Elgendy, Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Legesse Tesfaye Elilo, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Mohamed A. Elmonem, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Theophilus I. Emeto, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Juan Espinosa-Montero, Habtamu Esubalew, Farshid Etaee, Natalia Fabin, Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Saman Fahimi, Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Luca Falzone, Mohammad Fareed, Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha, Moezalislam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Pawan Sirwan Faris, Andre Faro, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Pooria Fazeli, Valery L. Feigin, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Xiaoru Feng, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Abdullah Hamid Feroze, Daniela Ferrante, Alize J. Ferrari, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Joanne Flavel, David Flood, Bobirca Teodor Florin, Nataliya A. Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Behzad Foroutan, Masoud Foroutan, Ingeborg Forthun, Daniela Fortuna, Matteo Foschi, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, Kate Louise Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Alberto Freitas, Joseph Friedman, Sara D. Friedman, Takeshi Fukumoto, John E. Fuller, Blima Fux, Peter Andras Gaal, Muktar A. Gadanya, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Santosh Gaihre, Emmanuela Gakidou, Yaseen Galali, Natalie C. Galles, Silvano Gallus, Mandukhai Ganbat, Aravind P. Gandhi, Balasankar Ganesan, Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani, Ma Garcia-Gordillo, William M. Gardner, Jalaj Garg, Naval Garg, Rupesh K. Gautam, Semiu Olatunde Gbadamosi, Tilaye Gebru Gebi, Miglas W. Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Simona Roxana Georgescu, Tamirat Getachew, Peter W. Gething, Molla Getie, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Sulmaz Ghahramani, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, Mohammad-Reza Ghasemi, Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi, Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Fariba Ghassemi, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Ajnish Ghimire, Sama Ghoba, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Asadollah Gholamian, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Nasim Gholizadeh, Mahsa Ghorbani, Pooyan Ghorbani Vajargah, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Richard F. Gillum, Themba G. Ginindza, Alem Girmay, James C. Glasbey, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Laszlo Gobolos, Myron Anthony Godinho, Amit Goel, Ali Golchin, Mohamad Goldust, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Nelson G. M. Gomes, Philimon N. Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Gorini, Houman Goudarzi, Alessandra C. Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Anmol Goyal, Ayman Grada, Simon Matthew Graham, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Shi-Yang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Mesay Dechasa Gudeta, Avirup Guha, Stefano Guicciardi, Rafael Alves Guimaraes, Snigdha Gulati, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Sasidhar Gunturu, Cui Guo, Anish Kumar Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Mohak Gupta, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Lami Gurmessa, Reyna Alma Gutierrez, Farrokh Habibzadeh, Parham Habibzadeh, Rasool Haddadi, Mostafa Hadei, Najah R. Hadi, Nils Haep, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Demewoz Haile, Alemayehu Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Esam S. Halboub, Brian J. Hall, Sebastian Haller, Rabih Halwani, Randah R. Hamadeh, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi, Erin B. Hamilton, Chieh Han, Qiuxia Han, Asif Hanif, Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J. Hankey, Fahad Hanna, Md Abdul Hannan, Md Nuruzzaman Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Ikramul Hasan, M. Tasdik Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Mohammad Hasanian, Abdiwahab Hashi, Md Saquib Hasnain, Ikrama Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Johannes Haubold, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Simon I. Hay, Jiawei He, Jeffrey J. Hebert, Omar E. Hegazi, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan, Bartosz Helfer, Delia Hendrie, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Hamed Hesami, Kamal Hezam, Catherine L. Hill, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Ahmad Hosseinzadeh Adli, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mohamed Hsairi, Vivian Chiarong Hsieh, Rebecca L. Hsu, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Huang, Michael Hultstrom, Ayesha Humayun, Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie, Javid Hussain, M. Azhar Hussain, Nawfal R. Hussein, Foziya Mohammed Hussien, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Khalid S. Ibrahim, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Desta Ijo, Adalia I. Ikiroma, Kevin S. Ikuta, Paul Chukwudi Ikwegbue, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Sumant Inamdar, Endang Indriasih, Muhammad Iqhrammullah, Arnaud Iradukunda, Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iregbu, Md Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Faisal Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie C. D. Iwu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Mahalaxmi Iyer, J. Linda Merin, Jalil Jaafari, Louis Jacob, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Morteza Jafarinia, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Khushleen Jaggi, Kasra Jahankhani, Nader Jahanmehr, Haitham Jahrami, Nityanand Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Abhishek Jaiswal, Elham Jamshidi, Mark M. Janko, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau, Sabzali Javadov, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Rime Jebai, Sun Ha Jee, Jayakumar Jeganathan, Anil K. Jha, Ravi Prakash Jha, Heng Jiang, Yingzhao Jin, Olatunji Johnson, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B. Jonas, Tamas Joo, Abel Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Grace Joshy, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jurisson, K. Vaishali, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Dler Hussein Kadir, Rizwan Kalani, Laleh R. Kalankesh, Leila R. Kalankesh, Feroze Kaliyadan, Sanjay Kalra, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah, Rajesh Kamath, Zahra Kamiab, Naser Kamyari, Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai, Tanuj Kanchan, Himal Kandel, Arun R. Kanmanthareddy, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, S. Suthanthira Kannan, Sushil Kumar Kansal, Rami S. Kantar, Neeti Kapoor, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, Shama D. Karanth, Reema A. Karasneh, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Andre Karch, Asima Karim, Salah Eddin Karimi, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Faizan Zaffar Kashoo, Qalandar Hussein Abdulkarim Kasnazani, Hengameh Kasraei, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Molly B. Kassel, Joonas H. Kauppila, Navjot Kaur, Norito Kawakami, Gbenga A. Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Sina Kazemian, Tahseen Haider Kazmi, Getu Mosisa Kebebew, Adera Debella Kebede, Fassikaw Kebede, Tibebeselassie S. Keflie, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Cathleen Keller, Jaimon Terence Kelly, John H. Kempen, Jessica A. Kerr, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Nauman Khalid, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Alireza Khalilian, Faham Khamesipour, Ajmal Khan, Asaduzzaman Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Ikramullah Khan, Imteyaz A. Khan, M. Nuruzzaman Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Moien Ab Khan, Zeeshan Ali Khan, Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Khaled Khatab, Fatemeh Khatami, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Armin Khavandegar, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Elaheh Khodadoust, Mohammad Khorgamphar, Moein Khormali, Zahra Khorrami, Ahmad Khosravi, Mohammad Ali Khosravi, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Grace Kim, Jihee Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Kasey E. Kinzel, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Desmond Klu, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Timea Kocsis, David S. Q. Koh, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Kairi Kolves, Farzad Kompani, Gerbrand Koren, Soewarta Kosen, Karel Kostev, Parvaiz A. Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Kewal Krishan, Hare Krishna, Varun Krishna, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Kris J. Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kuddus, Ilari Kuitunen, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Akshay Kumar, Ashish Kumar, Harish Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Madhulata Kumari, Fantahun Tarekegn Kumie, Satyajit Kundu, Om P. Kurmi, Asep Kusnali, Dian Kusuma, Alexander Kwarteng, Ilias Kyriopoulos, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Lucie Laflamme, Abraham K. Lagat, Anton C. J. Lager, Abdelilah Lahmar, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Hilton Lam, Judit Lam, Kelsey R. Landrum, Francesco Lanfranchi, Justin J. Lang, Berthold Langguth, Van Charles Lansingh, Ariane Laplante-Levesque, Bagher Larijani, Anders O. Larsson, Savita Lasrado, Zohra S. Lassi, Kamaluddin Latief, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Paolo Lauriola, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Trang Diep Thanh Le, Caterina Ledda, Jorge R. Ledesma, Munjae Lee, Paul H. Lee, Seung Won Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Kate E. LeGrand, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Temesgen L. Lerango, Ming-Chieh Li, Wei Li, Xiaopan Li, Yichong Li, Zhihui Li, Virendra S. Ligade, Andrew Tiyamike Makhiringa Likaka, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S. Lim, Megan Lindstrom, Christine Linehan, Chaojie Liu, Gang Liu, Jue Liu, Runben Liu, Shiwei Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Erand Llanaj, Michael J. Loftus, Ruben Lopez-Bueno, Platon D. Lopukhov, Arianna Maever Loreche, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Alessandra Lugo, Raimundas Lunevicius, Zheng Feei Ma, Kelsey Lynn Maass, Nikolaos MacHairas, Monika MacHoy, Farzan Madadizadeh, Christian Madsen, Aurea M. Madureira-Carvalho, Azzam A. Maghazachi, Sandeep B. Maharaj, Soleiman Mahjoub, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Alireza Mahmoudi, Elham Mahmoudi, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Irsa Fatima Makhdoom, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Venkatesh Maled, Reza Malekzadeh, Armaan K. Malhotra, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Pejman Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Sajid Maqsood, Bishnu P. Marasini, Hamid Reza Marateb, Joemer C. Maravilla, Agustina M. Marconi, Parham Mardi, Mirko Marino, Abdoljalal Marjani, Gabriel Martinez, Bernardo Alfonso Martinez-Guerra, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Daniela Martini, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo, Miquel Martorell, Wolfgang Marx, Sharmeen Maryam, Roy Rillera Marzo, Anthony Masaka, Awoke Masrie, Stephanie Mathieson, Alexander G. Mathioudakis, Manu Raj Mathur, Jishanth Mattumpuram, Richard Matzopoulos, Richard James Maude, Andrea Maugeri, Pallab K. Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, Maryam Mazaheri, Mohsen Mazidi, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Anna Laura W. McKowen, Susan A. McLaughlin, Steven M. McPhail, Enkeleint A. Mechili, John Robert Carabeo Medina, Rishi P. Mediratta, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Rahul Mehra, Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Max Alberto Mendez Mendez-Lopez, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Belayneh Mengist, Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Haftu Asmerom Meresa, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Abera M. Mersha, Bezawit Afework Mesfin, Tomislav Mestrovic, Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Peter Meylakhs, Adquate Mhlanga, Laurette Mhlanga, Tianyue Mi, Tomasz Miazgowski, Georgia Micha, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R. Miller, Edward J. Mills, Le Huu Nhat Minh, G.K. Mini, Pouya Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, Andreea Mirica, Antonio Mirijello, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Mizan Kiros Mirutse, Maryam Mirzaei, Awoke Misganaw, Ashim Mishra, Sanjeev Misra, Philip B. Mitchell, Prasanna Mithra, Chaitanya Mittal, Mohammadreza Mobayen, Madeline E. Moberg, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Jama Mohamed, Mouhand F. H. Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Soheil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Noushin Mohammadifard, Hassen Mohammed, Hussen Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Viswanathan Mohan, Hoda Mojiri-Forushani, Amin Mokari, Ali H. Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Stefania Mondello, Mohammad Ali Moni, Amirali Moodi Ghalibaf, Maryam Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Rafael Silveira Moreira, Negar Morovatdar, Shane Douglas Morrison, Jakub Morze, Jonathan F. Mosser, Rohith Motappa, Vincent Mougin, Simin Mouodi, Parsa Mousavi, Seyed Ehsan Mousavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Emmanuel A. Mpolya, Matias Mrejen, Sumaira Mubarik, Lorenzo Muccioli, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Faraz Mughal, Sumoni Mukherjee, Francesk Mulita, Kavita Munjal, Efren Murillo-Zamora, Fungai Musaigwa, Khaled M. Musallam, Ahmad Mustafa, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Raman Muthusamy, Muhammad Muzaffar, Woojae Myung, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gabriele Nagel, Pirouz Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Ganesh R. Naik, Gurudatta Naik, Firzan Nainu, Sanjeev Nair, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Shumaila Nargus, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gustavo G. Nascimento, Samar Nasehi, Abdulqadir J. Nashwan, Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Muhammad Naveed, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C. Nayak, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, Rawlance Ndejjo, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Hadush Negash, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Serban Mircea Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Chakib Nejjari, Evangelia Nena, Samata Nepal, Marie Ng, Haruna Asura Nggada, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anh Hoang Nguyen, Dang H. Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Katie R. Nielsen, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis, Ali Nikoobar, Fatemeh Nikoomanesh, Amin Reza Nikpoor, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Efaq Ali Noman, Shuhei Nomura, Mamoona Noreen, Nafise Noroozi, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Amanda Novotney, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, George Ntaios, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Virginia Nunez-Samudio, Dieta Nurrika, Jerry John Nutor, Bogdan Oancea, Kehinde O. Obamiro, Mary Aigbiremo Oboh, Ismail A. Odetokun, Nkechi Martina Odogwu, Martin James O'Donnell, Michael Safo Oduro, Akinyemi O. D. Ofakunrin, Abiola Ogunkoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In-Hwan Oh, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T. Olagunju, Muideen Tunbosun Olaiya, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Glaucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Yinka Doris Oluwafemi, Hany A. Omar, Ahmed Omar Bali, Goran Latif Omer, Maureene Auma Ondayo, Sokking Ong, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Kenneth Ikenna Onyedibe, Michal Ordak, Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Verner N. Orish, Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano, Alberto Ortiz, Wael M. S. Osman, Samuel M. Ostroff, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Adrian Otoiu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia, Guoqing Ouyang, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Yaz Ozten, P.A. Mahesh Padukudru, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Pramod Kumar Pal, Tamas Palicz, Claudia Palladino, Raffaele Palladino, Raul Felipe Palma-Alvarez, Feng Pan, Hai-Feng Pan, Adrian Pana, Paramjot Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Georgios D. Panos, Leonidas D. Panos, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Anca Mihaela Pantea Stoian, Paraskevi Papadopoulou, Romil R. Parikh, Seoyeon Park, Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi, Ava Pashaei, Maja Pasovic, Roberto Passera, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Hemal M. Patel, Jay Patel, Sangram Kishor Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Dimitrios Patoulias, Venkata Suresh Patthipati, Uttam Paudel, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Spencer A. Pease, Amy E. Peden, Paolo Pedersini, Umberto Pensato, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Emmanuel K. Peprah, Prince Peprah, Joao Perdigao, Marcos Pereira, Mario F. P. Peres, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Richard G. Pestell, Konrad Pesudovs, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, William A. Petri, Hoang Tran Pham, Anil K. Philip, Michael R. Phillips, Daniela Pierannunzio, Manon Pigeolet, David M. Pigott, Thomas Pilgrim, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Michael A. Piradov, Saeed Pirouzpanah, Nishad Plakkal, Evgenii Plotnikov, Vivek Podder, Dimitri Poddighe, Suzanne Polinder, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Ramesh Poluru, Ville T. Ponkilainen, Fabio Porru, Maarten J. Postma, Govinda Raj Poudel, Akram Pourshams, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Sergio I. Prada, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Thejeswar N. Prakasham, Manya Prasad, Akila Prashant, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Daniel Prieto Alhambra, Tina Priscilla, Natalie Pritchett, Bharathi M. Purohit, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Ibrahim Qattea, Asma Saleem Qazi, Gangzhen Qian, Suli Qiu, Maryam Faiz Qureshi, Mehrdad Rabiee Rad, Amir Radfar, Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki, Quinn Rafferty, Alberto Raggi, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Nasiru Raheem, Fakher Rahim, Md Jillur Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Md Mosfequr Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Sathish Rajaa, Prashant Rajput, Ivo Rakovac, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Kritika Rana, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Nemanja Rancic, Amey Rane, Chythra R. Rao, Indu Ramachandra Rao, Mithun Rao, Sowmya J. Rao, Drona Prakash Rasali, Davide Rasella, Sina Rashedi, Vahid Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani, Azad Rasul, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Ramin Ravangard, Nakul Ravikumar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Reza Rawassizadeh, Bharat Rawlley, Rabail Zehra Raza, Christian Razo, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Faizan Ur Rehman, Lennart Reifels, Robert C. Reiner, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Luis Felipe Reyes, Maryam Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Taeho Gregory Rhee, Mavra A. Riaz, Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Hannah R. Riva, Hannah Elizabeth Robinson-Oden, Celia Fortuna Rodrigues, Monica Rodrigues, Leonardo Roever, Emma Lynn Best Rogowski, Peter Rohloff, Debby Syahru Romadlon, Esperanza Romero-Rodriguez, Michele Romoli, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Gregory A. Roth, Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Nitai Roy, Priyanka Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, Guilherme De Andrade Ruela, Susan Fred Rumisha, Tilleye Runghien, Godfrey M. Rwegerera, Andrzej Rynkiewicz, S.N. Chandan, Aly M. A. Saad, Zahra Saadatian, Korosh Saber, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Morteza SaberiKamarposhti, Siamak Sabour, Simona Sacco, Perminder S. Sachdev, Rajesh Sachdeva, Basema Saddik, Adam Saddler, Bashdar Abuzed Sadee, Ehsan Sadeghi, Erfan Sadeghi, Farideh Sadeghian, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Fahimeh Safaeinejad, Sher Zaman Safi, Rajesh Sagar, Amene Saghazadeh, Dominic Sagoe, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Umakanta Sahoo, Monalisha Sahu, Zahra Saif, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Joseph W. Sakshaug, Nasir Salam, Payman Salamati, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Luciane B. Salaroli, Mohamed A. Saleh, Sana Salehi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Mohammed Z. Y. Salem, Sohrab Salimi, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Sara Samadzadeh, Saad Samargandy, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Francesca Sanna, Damian Francesco Santomauro, Itamar S. Santos, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Made Ary Sarasmita, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Aswini Saravanan, Babak Saravi, Yaser Sarikhani, Tanmay Sarkar, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Gargi Sachin Sarode, Sachin C. Sarode, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Maheswar Satpathy, Abu Sayeed, Md Abu Sayeed, Mete Saylan, Mehdi Sayyah, Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt, Markus P. Schlaich, Winfried Schlee, Maria Ines Schmidt, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Art Schuermans, Austin E. Schumacher, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Michael Schwarzinger, David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Mario Šekerija, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Sabyasachi Senapati, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Dragos Serban, Yashendra Sethi, Feng Sha, Maryam Shabany, Amir Shafaat, Mahan Shafie, Nilay S. Shah, Pritik A. Shah, Syed Mahboob Shah, Saeed Shahabi, Ataollah Shahbandi, Izza Shahid, Samiah Shahid, Wajeehah Shahid, Hamid R. Shahsavari, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Ahmed Shaikh, Masood Ali Shaikh, Alireza Shakeri, Ali S. Shalash, Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Hina Shamshad, Mohammad Anas Shamsi, Mohd Shanawaz, Abhishek Shankar, Sadaf Sharfaei, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Rajesh Sharma, Saurab Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Rajesh P. Shastry, Amin Shavandi, Maryam Shayan, Amr Mohamed Elsayed Shehabeldine, Aziz Sheikh, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Jiabin Shen, Adithi Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Pavanchand H. Shetty, Peilin Shi, Kenji Shibuya, Desalegn Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Min-Jeong Shin, Youn Ho Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Nebiyu Aniley Shitaye, Aminu Shittu, Ivy Shiue, K.M. Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Farhad Shokraneh, Azad Shokri, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Kerem Shuval, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Joao Pedro Silva, Luis Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Soraia Silva, Colin R. Simpson, Anjali Singal, Abhinav Singh, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Garima Singh, Jasbir Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Robert Sinto, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Sarah Brooke Sirota, Freddy Sitas, Shravan Sivakumar, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A. Sleet, Bogdan Socea, Anton Sokhan, Ranjan Solanki, Shipra Solanki, Hamidreza Soleimani, Sameh S. M. Soliman, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Reed J. D. Sorensen, Joan B. Soriano, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Michael Spartalis, Sandra Spearman, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Vijay Kumar Srivastava, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, Benjamin A. Stark, Joseph R. Starnes, Antonina V. Starodubova, Caroline Stein, Dan J. 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Background: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings: The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. Interpretation: Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Orthodontics Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Clinial Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia; Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Doheny Image Reading and Research Lab (DIRRL), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Center for Social Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Health Policy Management, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Urology Department, Tehran, Iran; Internal Medicine Department of SBMU, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, Tehran, Iran; Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Obesity Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Ophtalmic Reserch Centre, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran; Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Tehran, Iran; Emergency Department, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Information Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiotherapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for War-affected People, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Tropical Health and Parasitology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria; Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Department of Midwifery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Health Sciences Department of Oncology Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Near East University, TRNC, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India; Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Global Public Health, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Aging Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Global Health and Health Security, Hebei University, Baoding, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Information Management, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Endocrine Research Center, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Echocardiography, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Eye Research Center, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Educational Development Center, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Colorectal Research Center, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Khatam Al-anbia Hospital, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; USAID-JSI Digital Health Activity, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Centre of Telehealth, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Clinical Sciences Department, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Physiotherapy, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Finance and Economics, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine; Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Surgery, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Research Institute of Benin (IRCB), Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Department of Public Health, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Industrial Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Burden of Disease Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Global Emergency Medicine Innovation and Implementation (GEMINI) Research Center, Durham, NC, United States; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universita Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome), Rome, Italy; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of HIV and Infectious Diseases, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, 'Gf Ingrassia' University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Haryana, Sonipat, 131029, India; Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Medicine, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Computer Science, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Physiology, Greenville, NC, United States; Diabetes & Obesity Institute and Physiology, Greenville, NC, United States; East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia; Moyen Mono Health District, Ministry of Health, Tohoun, Togo; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Nursing Education & Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Biostatistics, and Epidemiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain; John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States; School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malysia (University of Science Malaysia), Penang, Malaysia; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Medicine, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia; School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Division of Forensic Medicine, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Medicine, Royal Jordanian Medical Services, Amman, Jordan; Department of Community and Mental Health, Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Pediatrics, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, United States; Heart Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Biostatics, Epidemiology, and Science Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Aksum University, Axum, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Unit of Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Global Health Entrepreneurship, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Section of Adult Hematology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Physical Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan; Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Human Pathology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Charbagh, Pakistan; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Charbagh, Pakistan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universita Degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Osp. Magg. Policlinico IRCCS "Ca' Granda Maggiore Policlinico"Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Human Centered Computing, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Medical Laboratories, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Liverpool Orthopaedic and Trauma Service, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait; Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Bordeaux School of Public Health, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Dentistry, Sana'a, Yemen; Public Health and Community Medicine, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Baltimore, MD, United States; Division of Cardiology, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University of Science, Technology & Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Prosthodontics, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen; Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait; Departent of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk Univeristy, Irbid, Jordan; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lahore, Pakistan; University College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Oral Biology, Lahore, Pakistan; University Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physics, Lahore, Pakistan; The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Genetics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Center and Research Studies, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States; The Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (CDUHR), New York University, New York, NY, United States; School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurophysiology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Medicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Urology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Social Science Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; European University, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Pharmacology and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Palarivattom, Kochi, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Health Promotion, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; School of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Organ Procurement, and Transplantation Multi-diciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India; Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, Foundation University Islamabad, Rawalpandi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Gastroenterology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umea University, Umea, Sweden; Department of Nursing, Umea University, Umea, Sweden; Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; International Relations Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Primary Health Care Network Management, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Neurological Surgery Department, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia; Department of Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (Princess University Hospital), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario, Gandra, Portugal; Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies Department, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (CESPU), University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative, Gandra, Portugal; Toxicology Research Unit (TOXRUN), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario, Gandra, Portugal; Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Inc., Saint Paul, MN, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Health Policy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pharmacy Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Division of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of General Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Medical Physics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Musculoskeletal Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; NanoElectronics and Photonics Systems (MEPHOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia; Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Maternal and Child Health Unit, New Delhi, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Biostatistics, New Delhi, India; Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, India; Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Health Care Management Department, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Stroke and Ageing Research, Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, United States; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of the Gambia, Brikama, Gambia; Alpha Genomics, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Tuberculosis, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Universitat de Barcelona (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany; Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Munster, Munster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India; Clinical Nutrition, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mental Health, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Basic Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Department of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia; Transplant Service, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France; Dijon Stroke Registry, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; National Data Management Center (NDMC) for Health, Burden of Disease Unit, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Land Administration and Use Bureau, Academia Sinica, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Medical Education Department, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Institute of Marketing, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary; Competition Economics and Market Research Section, Hungarian Competition Authority, Budapest, Hungary; Hubert Department of Global Health Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Butte County Department of Public Health, Chico, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Portugal, Rio de Mouro, Portugal; Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, Aurangabad, India; Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States; Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Hematology Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, India; Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Amritsar, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Family Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Scientific-Tools.Org, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; UOC Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna), Bologna, Italy; Department of Neurology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of GI Surgery, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India; Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Orthodontics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Research, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science (PRICELESS SA), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon; Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Montfermeil (Montfermeil Hospital Center), Montfermeil, France; Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, North East Region, Dibrugarh, India; General Directorate of Health Information Systems, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria; Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; General Medicine Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA, United States; Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavid (Pablo de Olavide University), Seville, Spain; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Biomedical Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Neuroscience, University of Panama, Ancon, Panama; Infectious Diseases Department, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Injury, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Global Women's Health Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Global Health Research Institute, Universita Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Management and Healthcare (EMbeDS), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy; Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Dermatology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Hospital of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; Instituto de Investigacao, Inovacao e Desenvolvimento, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Department of Mental Health, Healthcare Agency "Friuli Occidentale", Pordenone, Italy; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS, Sesto S. Giovanni, Italy; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil; College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Townsville, QLD, Australia; James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Infection and Global Health Research, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom; Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Effectiveness, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; ICMR School of Public Health, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; Heart Failure and Structural Heart Disease Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine and Therapeutic, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States; School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Center for Cancer Epidemiology, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India; Department of Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Computer Science, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Clinical Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Tzu-Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Tanzih, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru; Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP), Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Leadership Institute for Global Health Transformation (LIGHT), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Epidemiology, Miami, FL, United States; Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of AndroUrology, AndroUrology Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Biostatistics Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; School of Business & Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Park West, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada; Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Accamargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, Cheyenne, WY, United States; School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India; Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States; Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania; University Ophthalmology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Second Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Ophthalmology Department, University of Thessaly, Greece; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Emergency Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Health Management Information Systems, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Health Research Institute, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Discipline of Chiropractic, CQ University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Medical College, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Research, Colima State Health Services, Colima, Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Health, Durham, NC, United States; St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Forensic Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; Institute of Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Cardiology, New York, NY, United States; Pharmacy Department, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India; Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India; Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Department, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India; Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Toxicology Research Unit (TOXRUN), Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal; Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Department of Biostatistics, Tehran, Iran; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Varna, Bulgaria; Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; School of Elderly Care Services and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy; Departamento de Responsabilidade Social (Department of Social Responsibility), Hospital Alemao Oswaldo Cruz (Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital), Sao Paulo, Brazil; College of Medicine, Sulaiman Alrajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia; Brazilian Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare, Joanna Briggs Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Cardiology, St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, NJ, United States; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India; Department of Periodontology, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande Dosul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica (Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health), Salvador, Brazil; Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, India; Child Health Analytics Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Geospatial Health and Development Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; The Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Division of Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Department Pediatric Nursing, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Indonesia Hospital, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Community Health Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, Jakarta, Indonesia; National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia; Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia; School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology Unit, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Entomology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Department of International Cyber Education, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk, National Institute of Public Health Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Bologna, Italy; Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy; Dissemination Division, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal; Activity Planning and Control Unit, Directorate-General of Health (DGS), Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Centre for Health Policy Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Third Department of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy, Novara, Italy; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany; Departement of Surgery, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; School of Social Sciences, Stretton Health Equity, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Center for Research in Indigenous Health, Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Clinical Science Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Nigeria; Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Medical Parasitology, Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; GBD Collaborating Unit, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Healthcare Innovation Department, Regional Agency for Health and Social Care of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of l'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of l'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Santa Maria Delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy; Child Survival Unit, Centre for African Newborn Health and Nutrition, Ibadan, Nigeria; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Health Services Management Training Centre, Hungary; Karoly Racz Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Health and Public Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Targu-Mureş, Romania; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Research Publication, Zaigal Research Institute, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Churchill, VIC, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India; Faculty of Business and Management, Universidad Autonoma de Chile (Autonomous University of Chile), Talca, Chile; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India; Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Reproductive and Family Health, Axum College of Health Science, Axum, Ethiopia; Department of Dermatology, "Victor Babes"Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pediatric Department, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, India; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Center of Health Management, Aden University, Aden, Yemen; School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran; Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Respiratory Medicine Department, National Allergy Asthma Bronchitis Institute, Kolkata, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, India; Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom; University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Westmead Applied Research Centre, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Department of Applied Cell Sciences Urmia, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute Urmia, Iran; Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Epidemiology, Universidade de Sao Paulo (University of Sao Paulo), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China; Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil; Department of General Surgery, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Department of Psychiatry, Bronxcare Health System, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Noncommunicable Division (NCD), Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India; Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Ireland; Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramon de la Fuente Muniz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico; Global Virus Network, Middle East Region, Shiraz, Iran; School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health, Charite Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nephrology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Research Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Botany and Microbiology Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Radiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Palamau Institute of Pharmacy, Daltonganj, India; Public Health Department, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria; Tabriz, Iran; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmo, Sweden; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; School of Allied Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Santa Clara, CA, United States; Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland; Meta Research Centre, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland; Departamento de Salud Oral (Department of Oral Health), Universidad Autonoma de Manizales (Autonomous University of Manizales), Manizales, Colombia; Hospital San Juan de Dios, Tarija, Bolivia; School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Rheumatology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia; Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Social and Environmental Health Research, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh; Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institue for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Department of Biology, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; International Master Program for Translational Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China; International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Global Health and Health Security Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan; Health Policy and Management Department, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Medicine, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi; Research Department, ARNECH Research and Consulting Office, Bujumbura, Burundi; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States; Clinical Laboratory, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya; Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Center for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Kedah, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Knowledge Translation Program, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to Be University), Coimbatore, India; Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India; Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Department of Health Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Research Center for Hydatid Disease, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Family Medicine Department, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Nephrology, San Mateo Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, United States; Department of Nephrology, Mills Peninsula Medical Center, Burlingame, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Manama, Bahrain; Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain; Statistics Unit, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Preventive Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Zoonoses Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Department of Clinical Sciences, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Karad, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Karad, India; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Department of Dermatology, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal, Karnal, India; Northern Oesophagogastric Cancer Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States; Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cardiology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; Campaign for Health and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Programme, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital Chennai, Chennai, India; Dr. S S Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engg. & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; The Hansjorg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York, NY, United States; Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States; School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Gastrointestinal Center, Anwar Shyxa Medical City, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Digestive Surgery, Kurdistan Higher Council for Medical Specialities, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India; Department of Health Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Community Medicine Department, Shalamar Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Nairobi, Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Human Nutrition, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Jouy-en-Josas, France; University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Hyderabad, India; Department of Critical Care Medicine, St. Luke's Aurora Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States; College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Faculty of Nursing, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan; Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Millennium Prevention, Westwood, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Gynecology, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Evidence Synthesis Unit, Partnership for Research, Opportunity, Planning, Upskilling, and Leadership (PROPUL) Evidence, Chennai, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; College of Public Health & Health Informatics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Health Research, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Atchabarov Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Cardiothoracic Surgery, UN Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Ahmedabad, India; Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medanta Hospital, Gurugram, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Cabrini Institute, Akron, OH, United States; Department of Food Technology, Shri Vishwakarma Skill University, Palwal, India; Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Global Health Institute, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Services Research and Management, City University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, Mexico; Department of Basic Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Stockholm County Council, Surveillance and Analysis Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Family Medicine, University of Medicine, Oujda, Morocco; School of Digital Science, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Applied Data Analytics, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland; Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Chief Medical Office, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretzaro, Mexico; Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; International Society Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland; KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Department of General Medicine, Helsinki, Finland; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States; Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; The Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Health Management Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Directorate of Quality Management and Digital Health, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi; UCD Centre for Disability Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia; Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China; China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, China; School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrucke, Potsdam, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Munchen, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Physical Medicine and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NutriCARD), Jena, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Department of General Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Cardiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Periodontal Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Laboratorio de Farmacognosia (LAQV) (Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Universidade Do Porto (University of Porto), Porto, Portugal; School of Pharmacy, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Planetary Health Alliance, Boston, MA, United States; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, India; Department of Forensic Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Public Health, Instituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS (Italian Auxological Institute), Milan, Italy; Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China; Biomedical Engineering Research Center (CREB), Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech-UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Artificial Intelligence, Smart University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; University Health Services, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Centro de Estudio e Investigacion Para la Prevencion y El Tratamiento de Las Adicciones, Universidad de Buenos Aires (University of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Joint, Bone, Connective Tissue, Rheumatology Research Center (JBCRC), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Economics, Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Infectious Diseases Instituto Nacional de Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico; School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'An Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Campus Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Department of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Malaysia, Sarawak, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Faculty of Health and Education, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Department of Social Medicine and Family, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Department of Healthcare, University of Vlora, Vlora City, Albania; Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Global Health, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan; Department of Food Science and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Ambala, India; Department of Family Medicine, St. Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Public Health Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, North Colombo Teadhing Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; International Centre for Health Economics, Management, and Policy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Anaesthesiology Department, Helena Venizelou General and Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Epidemiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza General Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Office of the Minster, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Dr. B. C. Roy Multi-Specialty Medical Research Centre, Kharagpur, India; Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, rasht, Iran; College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; Department of Internal Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India; Department of Diabeteology, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Messina, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Medical Toxicology & Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; College of Medical Sciences, SGMK Copernicus University, Warsaw, Poland; Epidemiology Department, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Research Department, Instituto de Estudos Para Politicas de Saude (IEPS), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Wiesbaden, Germany; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom; Knowledge Management Department, Prahlad Omkarwati Foundation (POF), Mumbai, India; New Delhi, India; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; Research & Innovation Department, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Health Policy & Organization, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India; Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India; Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Cihan University Sulaymaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC), Cihan University Sulaymaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India; Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Fourth Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Oncology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania; Faculty of Medicine, Euromed University of Fes, Fez, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Palpa, Nepal; Department of Histopathology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Department of General Medicine, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh City, Viet Nam; Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute for Mental Health and Policy, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang (State University of Semarang), Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen; Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; The Cardiac Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama; Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia; Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LL-DIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, the Gambia, Banjul, Gambia; Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland; PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Surgery Department, Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq; ENT Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy; School of Public Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Environmental Health and Biology, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya; Non-communicable Disease Prevention Unit, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Early Detection & Cancer Prevention Services, Pantai Jerudong Specialist Centre, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ghana; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Translation Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Department of Information Technologies and Management, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of General Surgery, Central South University, ChangSha, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengalore, India; Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa (University of Lisbon), Lisbon, Portugal; Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (Vall d'Hebron University Hospital), Barcelona, Spain; Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (Vall d'Hebron Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Public Health, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; School of Public Health, Asian Institute of Public Health University, Bhubaneswar, India; Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Division of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; People in Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece; Research Center, Allergy Asthma and Chest Center, Mysore, India; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy; Cardiology Department, MercyOne North Iowa Medical Center, Mason City, IA, United States; Department of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, New Delhi, India; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States; Second Department of Internal Medicine, European Interbalkan Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, Advent Health, Palm Coast, FL, United States; Department of Hospital Medicine, Sound Physicians, Palm Coast, FL, United States; Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy; International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Fertility Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baruch S Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States; Department of Medicine, Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, United States; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales (Diego Portales University), Santiago, Chile; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; School of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Epidemiology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Hopital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Medical College, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh; Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India; Department of Ortopedics and Traumatology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas (Clinical Research Center), Fundacion Valle Del Lili (Valle Del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia; Universidad ICESI, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy-DVL, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India; Department of Cardiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; The Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Sciences Education Department, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cariovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, Chennai, India; Cancer Institute, Chennai, India; UO Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilita (The Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Pathology Department, Mobiddo Adama University Teaching Hospital -Yola, Yola, Nigeria; Department of Health Sciences, Cihan University-Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russian Federation; Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Science, Technology and Natural Resources Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Defence in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Belgrade, Serbia; Health Economics and Outcomes Research Department, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; Data Analytic Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Geography, Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Internal Medicine Department, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Grenoble Computer Science Laboratory (LIG), University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de la Sabana (Savannah University), Chia, Colombia; Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad de la Sabana (Savannah University Clinic), Chia, Colombia; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias da Saude (CESPU), Paredes, Portugal; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil; Clinical Investigation Unit, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala; Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Clinical and Epidemiological Research in Primary Care (GICEAP), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy; Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Labour, Directorate of Factories, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Centro de Investigacion Palmira (Palmira Research Center), Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria AGROSAVIA, Bogota, Colombia; Juiz de for A Federal University, Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil; Nursing Department, Universidade Presidente Antonio Carlos (President Antonio Carlos University), Governador Valadares, Brazil; Department of Health Statistics, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Department of Veterans Affairs, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan; International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, India; Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Pakistan, Gujrat, Pakistan; Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany; Technology Management Department, University College of Applied Sciences, Gaza, Palestine; School of Economics and Management, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia; Pharmacy Study Program, Udayana University, Badung, Indonesia; Thiruvananthapuram, India; Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India; Department of Orthpaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Orthopaedics, Loretto Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Food Processing Technology, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, India; Department of Health and Society, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogota, Colombia; National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia; Market Access Division, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Dobney Hypertension Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Hypertension and Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Cardiovascular Program, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Methodology and Innovation in Prevention, University Hospital of Bordeaux, France, Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, The National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Bordeaux, France; Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Statistics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India; Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Community Health, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; HepatoPancreatoBiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Department, Healthcare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital, Bangalore, India; Division of Preventive Cardiology, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran; Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Review and Safety, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, United States; Facultad de Medicine (Faculty of Medicine), Universidad Del Azuay (University of Azuay), Cuenca, Ecuador; Department of Physiotherapy, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal; Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India; Department of Engineering, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Boston, MA, United States; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Immunology and Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridiski", Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal; School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India; Department of Community Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India; Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Clinical Branch, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation; Addiction Psychiatry Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Internal Disease, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Division of Injury Prevention, The Bizzell Group, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Surgery, "Sf. Pantelimon"Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Barbados; Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, United States; Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Jaipur, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Public Health Department, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Research and Learning, Lwala Community Alliance, Rongo, Kenya; Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, United States; Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Medicine, Monash University, Sunway, Malaysia; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, China, Xiamen, China; National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Mental Health Research, Khulna, Bangladesh; Division of Global Mental Health, EviSyn Health, Khulna, Bangladesh; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Institute of Integrated Intelligence and Systems, Griffith University, QLD, Australia; Department of Neurocare, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Outcomes, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Dentistry and Oral Health, Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia; School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Health and Community Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Statistics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University Institute "Egas Moniz", Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Health Management Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Wellbeing Preventable and Chronic Diseases Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Alice Springs, NT, Australia; Charles Darwin University, Alice Springs, NT, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Public Health Department, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India; Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Gastroenterology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Paris, France; SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Chennai, India; Department of Health, Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Environmental Sciences Program, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Iqra University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Churchill, VIC, Australia; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari, Tricase, Italy; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Salmanya, Bahrain; Department of Social Sciences, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Department Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin (Jose de San Martin Clinical Hospital), Cuidad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neuroscience, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, United States; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation; Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mother and Child Healthcare Institute of Serbia "Dr Vukan Cupic", Belgrade, Serbia; Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Department of Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Nursing, Universitas Aisyiyah Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital and Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Division of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; Department of Public Health Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Behavior and Operation Management, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Beijing, China; Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, luzhou, China; Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
