Michael Brauer, Gregory A. Roth, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Peng Zheng, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh, Madineh Akram Abbasi, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Mitra Abbasifard, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Parsa Abdi, Mohammad Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Auwal Abdullahi, Mesfin Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Armita Abedi, Tadesse M. Abegaz, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, Olumide Abiodun, Temesgen Lera Abiso, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Mohamed Abouzid, Girma Beressa Aboye, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Hasan Abualruz, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Hana Jihad Jihad Abukhadijah, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Giovanni Addolorato, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Bashir Aden, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Rishan Adha, Amin Adibi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Rotimi Felix Afolabi, Ashkan Afshin, Shadi Afyouni, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Faith Agbozo, Shahin Aghamiri, Antonella Agodi, Anurag Agrawal, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Firdos Ahmad, Noah Ahmad, Shahzaib Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Luai A. Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Safoora Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Essona Matatom Akara, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Shiva Akhlaghi, Karolina Akinosoglou, Tomi Akinyemiju, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Sreelatha Akkala, Blessing Akombi-Inyang, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Fares Alahdab, Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal, Samer O. Alalalmeh, Tariq A. Alalwan, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Nazmul Alam, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M. Alanzi, Almaza Albakri, Mohammad T. AlBataineh, Wafa A. Aldhaleei, Robert W. Aldridge, Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu, Yihun Mulugeta Alemu, Bassam Al-Fatly, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Khairat Al-Habbal, Khalid F. Alhabib, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Abid Ali, Amjad Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Iman Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, François Alla, Sabah Al-Marwani, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Sami Almustanyir, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Jordi Alonso, Jaber S. Alqahtani, Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Rami Hani Al-Rifai, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Najim Z. Alshahrani, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Deborah Oyine Aluh, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Sami Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Safwat Aly, Karem H. Alzoubi, Walid Al-Zyoud, Uchenna Anderson Amaechi, Masous Aman Mohammadi, Reza Amani, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Enrico Ammirati, Hubert Amu, Dickson A. Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, Jason A. Anderson, Pedro Prata Andrade, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Susan C. Anenberg, Dhanalakshmi Angappan, Colin Angus, Abhishek Anil, Sneha Anil, Afifa Anjum, Amir Anoushiravani, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Catherine M. Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Davood Anvari, Saeid Anvari, Saleha Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Anyabolo, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Jalal Arabloo, Razman Arabzadeh Bahri, Mosab Arafat, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Abdulfatai Aremu, Benedetta Armocida, Michael Benjamin Arndt, Johan Ärnlöv, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A. Artamonov, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Idowu Thomas Aruleba, Ashokan Arumugam, Akram M. Asbeutah, Saeed Asgary, Akeza Awealom Asgedom, Charlie Ashbaugh, Mubarek Yesse Ashemo, Tahira Ashraf, Amir Askarinejad, Michael Assmus, Thomas Astell-Burt, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Andargie Abate Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Haleh Ayatollahi, Carlos Ayestas Portugal, Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Rui M.S. Azevedo, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Insa Linnea Backhaus, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D. Badiye, Arvind Bagga, Soroush Baghdadi, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L. Baker, Shankar M. Bakkannavar, Madhan Balasubramanian, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Kiran Bam, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Biswajit Banik, Palash Chandra Banik, Aduragbemi Banke-Thomas, Hansi Bansal, Martina Barchitta, Mainak Bardhan, Erfan Bardideh, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Lope H. Barrero, Amadou Barrow, Sandra Barteit, Zarrin Basharat, Afisu Basiru, João Diogo Basso, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Sanjay Basu, Sai Batchu, Kavita Batra, Ravi Batra, Bernhard T. Baune, Mohsen Bayati, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Thomas Beaney, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Maryam Beiranvand, Yannick Béjot, Alehegn Bekele, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Michelle L. Bell, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Luis Belo, Apostolos Beloukas, Salaheddine Bendak, Derrick A. Bennett, Fiona B. Bennitt, Isabela M. Bensenor, Habib Benzian, Azizullah Beran, Zombor Berezvai, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S. Bernstein, Paulo J.G. Bettencourt, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Dinesh Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Vivek Bhat, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Manpreet S. Bhatti, Rajbir Bhatti, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Boris Bikbov, Jessica Devin Bishai, Catherine Bisignano, Atanu Biswas, Bijit Biswas, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Tone Bjørge, Micheal Kofi Boachie, Hosea Boakye, Moses John Bockarie, Virginia Bodolica, Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin, Eyob Ketema Bogale, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi, Sri Harsha Boppana, Berrak Bora Basara, Hamed Borhany, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Souad Bouaoud, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Christopher Boxe, Dejana Braithwaite, Luisa C. Brant, Amanpreet Brar, Nicholas J.K. Breitborde, Susanne Breitner, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Colin Stewart Brown, Annie J. Browne, Andre R. Brunoni, Dana Bryazka, Norma B. Bulamu, Lemma N. Bulto, Danilo Buonsenso, Katrin Burkart, Richard A. Burns, Reinhard Busse, Yasser Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A. Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Jack Cagney, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Daniela Calina, Luis Alberto Cámera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Chao Cao, Fan Cao, Yubin Cao, Angelo Capodici, Rosario Cárdenas, Sinclair Carr, Giulia Carreras, Juan J. Carrero, Andrea Carugno, Felix Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Giulio Castelpietra, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alberico L. Catapano, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Arthur Caye, Christopher R. Cederroth, Luca Cegolon, Muthia Cenderadewi, Kelly M. Cercy, Ester Cerin, Joshua Chadwick, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Raymond N.C. Chan, Joht Singh Chandan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Pankaj Chaturvedi, An-Tian Chen, Catherine S. Chen, Haowei Chen, Meng Xuan Chen, Mingling Chen, Simiao Chen, Ching-Yu Cheng, Esther T.W. Cheng, Nicolas Cherbuin, Gerald Chi, Fatemeh Chichagi, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ritesh Chimoriya, Patrick R. Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Abdulaal Chitheer, William C.S. Cho, Bryan Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Rajiv Chowdhury, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Eric Chung, Sheng-Chia Chung, Muhammad Chutiyami, Iolanda Cioffi, Rebecca M. Cogen, Aaron J. Cohen, Alyssa Columbus, Joao Conde, Alexandru Corlateanu, Samuele Cortese, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Vera Marisa Costa, Simona Costanzo, Michael H. Criqui, Jessica A. Cruz, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T. Culbreth, Alanna Gomes da Silva, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Patience Unekwuojo Daikwo, Lachlan L. Dalli, Giovanni Damiani, Emanuele D'Amico, Lucio D'Anna, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K. Das, Subasish Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Mohsen Dashti, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Alejandro de la Torre-Luque, Diego De Leo, Shayom Debopadhaya, Louisa Degenhardt, Cristian Del Bo, Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit, Chalachew Kassaw Demoze, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Nikolaos Dervenis, Emina Dervišević, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Rupak Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Amol S. Dhane, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Vishal R. Dhulipala, Raja Ram Dhungana, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Luis Antonio Diaz, Michael J. Diaz, Adriana Dima, Delaney D. Ding, Monica Dinu, Shirin Djalalinia, Thanh Chi Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Camila Bruneli do Prado, Masoud Dodangeh, Sushil Dohare, Klara Georgieva Dokova, Wanyue Dong, Deepa Dongarwar, Mario D'Oria, Fariba Dorostkar, E. Ray Dorsey, Rajkumar Doshi, Leila Doshmangir, Robert Kokou Dowou, Tim Robert Driscoll, Ashel Chelsea Dsouza, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Samuel C. Dumith, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Senbagam Duraisamy, Anar Dushpanova, Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Alireza Ebrahimi, Chidiebere Peter Echieh, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Hisham Atan Edinur, David Edvardsson, Kristina Edvardsson, Ferry Efendi, Aziz Eftekharimehrabad, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Faris El-Dahiyat, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Frank J. Elgar, Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Ahmed O. Elmehrath, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Theophilus I. Emeto, Negin Esfandiari, Babak Eshrati, Majid Eslami, Sayed Vahid Esmaeili, Kara Estep, Farshid Etaee, Natalia Fabin, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Omotayo Francis Fagbule, Saman Fahimi, Luca Falzone, Mohammad Fareed, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Pawan Sirwan Faris, Andre Faro, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Timur Fazylov, Valery L. Feigin, Xiaoqi Feng, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Abdullah Hamid Feroze, Pietro Ferrara, Alize J. Ferrari, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Ida Fitriana, Joanne Flavel, Carsten Flohr, David Flood, Luisa S. Flor, Nataliya A. Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Lisa M. Force, Daniela Fortuna, Matteo Foschi, Richard Charles Franklin, Alberto Freitas, Sara D. Friedman, Blima Fux, G. Sridevi, Peter Andras Gaal, Santosh Gaihre, Márió Gajdács, Yaseen Galali, Silvano Gallus, Aravind P. Gandhi, Balasankar Ganesan, Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani, Vanessa Garcia, William M. Gardner, Ravindra K. Garg, Rupesh K. Gautam, Tilaye Gebru Gebi, Miglas W. Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Tesfay B.B. Gebremariam, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Urge Gerema, Lemma Getacher, Genanew K. a Getahun, Molla Getie, Fataneh Ghadirian, Sadegh Ghafarian, Amir Ghaffari Jolfayi, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, Alireza Ghajar, MohammadReza Ghasemi, Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi, Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh, Fariba Ghassemi, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Ali Gholami, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Nasim Gholizadeh, Mahsa Ghorbani, Artyom Urievich Gil, Gabriela Fernanda Gil, Nora M. Gilbertson, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Ebisa Zerihun Gindaba, Alem Girmay, James C. Glasbey, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Laszlo Göbölös, Myron Anthony Godinho, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Nelson G.M. Gomes, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Gorini, Houman Goudarzi, Alessandra C. Goulart, Mahdi Gouravani, Anmol Goyal, Simon Matthew Graham, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Shi-Yang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Avirup Guha, Stefano Guicciardi, Snigdha Gulati, David Gulisashvili, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Cui Guo, Anish Kumar Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Mohak Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Farrokh Habibzadeh, Parham Habibzadeh, Tesfahun Simon Hadaro, Zahra Hadian, Nils Haep, Hamed Haghi-Aminjan, Dariush Haghmorad, Hailey Hagins, Demewoz Haile, Alemayehu Hailu, Adel Hajj Ali, Esam S. Halboub, Aram Halimi, Brian J. Hall, Sebastian Haller, Rabih Halwani, Randah R. Hamadeh, Nadia M. Hamdy, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi, Ahmad Hammoud, Asif Hanif, Nasrin Hanifi, Zaim Anan Haq, Md. Rabiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Ikramul Hasan, Mohammad Jahid Hasan, S.M. Mahmudul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Mohammad Hasanian, Nadim Hashmeh, Md Saquib Hasnain, Amr Hassan, Ikrama Hassan, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Shokoufeh Hassani, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Johannes Haubold, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Simon I. Hay, Jeffrey J. Hebert, Omar E. Hegazi, Tadele Yohannes Hegena, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Bartosz Helfer, Mehdi Hemmati, Claire A. Henson, Molly E. Herbert, Claudiu Herteliu, Austin Heuer, Kamal Hezam, Thomas Kwadwo Hinneh, Yuta Hiraike, Nguyen Quoc Hoan, Ramesh Holla, Julia Hon, Mohammad Enamul Hoque, Nobuyuki Horita, Sahadat Hossain, Seyed Ehsan Hosseini, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Hanno Hoven, Mohamed Hsairi, Johnathan M. Hsu, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Huang, Md Nazmul Huda, Erin N. Hulland, Michael Hultström, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, Nawfal R. Hussein, Chantal K. Huynh, Hong-Han Huynh, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Oluwatope Olaniyi Idowu, Audrey L. Ihler, Nayu Ikeda, Kevin S. Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Md Rabiul Islam, Faisal Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie C.D. Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja, J. Vinothini, Jalil Jaafari, Louis Jacob, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Kasra Jahankhani, Nader Jahanmehr, Haitham Jahrami, Akhil Jain, Nityanand Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Abhishek Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Roland Dominic G. Jamora, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau, Sabzali Javadov, Tahereh Javaheri, Shubha Jayaram, Jayakumar Jeganathan, Bijay Mukesh Jeswani, Heng Jiang, Catherine O. Johnson, Mohammad Jokar, Nabi Jomehzadeh, Jost B. Jonas, Tamas Joo, Abel Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Vivek Joshi, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Ethan M. Kahn, Rizwan Kalani, Feroze Kaliyadan, Sanjay Kalra, Rajesh Kamath, Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai, Tanuj Kanchan, Himal Kandel, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Sushil Kumar Kansal, Daniel John Kapner, Neeti Kapoor, Efstratios Karagiannidis, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, Paschalis Karakasis, Shama D. Karanth, Ibraheem M. Karaye, André Karch, Asima Karim, Hanie Karimi, Shilpi Karmakar, Faizan Zaffar Kashoo, Hengameh Kasraei, Woldeteklehaymanot Dagne Kassahun, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Molly B. Kassel, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Joonas H. Kauppila, Norito Kawakami, Neda Kaydi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, John H. Kempen, Jessica A. Kerr, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Mariam Khalil, Alireza Khalilian, Faham Khamesipour, Asaduzzaman Khan, M. Nuruzzaman Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Moien A.B. Khan, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Armin Khavandegar, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Elaheh Khodadoust, Moein Khormali, Zahra Khorrami, Atulya Aman Khosla, Mahmood Khosrowjerdi, Haneen Khreis, Helda Khusun, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Luke D. Knibbs, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, David S.Q. Koh, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Jianqiu Kong, Gerbrand Koren, Miikka Korja, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Oleksii Korzh, Soewarta Kosen, Nikhil Kothari, Parvaiz A. Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Bindu Krishnan, Kris J. Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kuddus, Nuworza Kugbey, Ilari Kuitunen, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Ashish Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Satyajit Kundu, Om P. Kurmi, Asep Kusnali, Dian Kusuma, Tezer Kutluk, Carlo La Vecchia, Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Lucie Laflamme, Chandrakant Lahariya, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Tea Lallukka, Judit Lám, Qing Lan, Tuo Lan, Iván Landires, Francesco Lanfranchi, Berthold Langguth, Van Charles Lansingh, Ariane Laplante-Lévesque, Bagher Larijani, Anders O. Larsson, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Huu-Hoai Le, Long Khanh Dao Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Janet L. Leasher, Caterina Ledda, Munjae Lee, Paul H. Lee, Seung Won Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Yo Han Lee, Kate E. LeGrand, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Temesgen L. Lerango, Haley Lescinsky, Janni Leung, Ming-Chieh Li, Wang-Zhong Li, Wei Li, Yichong Li, Zhihui Li, Virendra S. Ligade, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S. Lim, Ro-Ting Lin, Shuzhi Lin, Chaojie Liu, Gang Liu, Jinli Liu, Jue Liu, Richard T. Liu, Shiwei Liu, Wei Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Katherine M. Livingstone, Erand Llanaj, Ayush Lohiya, Rubén López-Bueno, Platon D. Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Lisha Luo, Hengliang Lv, Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin, Zheng Feei Ma, Kelsey Lynn Maass, Mahmoud Mabrok, Nikolaos Machairas, Monika Machoy, Asma Mafhoumi, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Azzam A. Maghazachi, D.R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Sandeep B. Maharaj, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Elham Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Omar Mohamed Makram, Konstantinos Christos Makris, Satyaveni Malasala, Venkatesh Maled, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Lesibana Anthony Malinga, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Ana Laura Manda, Yosef Manla, Ali Mansour, Borhan Mansouri, Pejman Mansouri, Marjan Mansourian, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Emmanuel Manu, Hamid Reza Marateb, Joemer C. Maravilla, Elizabeth Marsh, Gabriel Martinez, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Miquel Martorell, Wolfgang Marx, Sharmeen Maryam, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Alexander G. Mathioudakis, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, Jishanth Mattumpuram, Andrea Maugeri, Pallab K. Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, Mohsen Mazidi, Antonio Mazzotti, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Anna Laura W. McKowen, Susan A. McLaughlin, Michael A. McPhail, Steven M. McPhail, Enkeleint A. Mechili, Asim Mehmood, Khalid Mehmood, Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Toni Meier, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Birye Dessalegn Mekonnen, Ritesh G. Menezes, Belayneh Mengist, George A. Mensah, Laverne G. Mensah, Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Abera M. Mersha, Bezawit Afework Mesfin, Tomislav Mestrovic, Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Tomasz Miazgowski, Georgia Micha, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R. Miller, Mojde Mirarefin, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Andreea Mirica, Antonio Mirijello, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Arvin Mirshahi, Maryam Mirzaei, Ajay Kumar Mishra, Vinaytosh Mishra, Philip B. Mitchell, Prasanna Mithra, Chaitanya Mittal, Babak Moazen, Madeline E. Moberg, Gabriele Mocciaro, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Abdalla Z. Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Mouhand F.H. Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Noushin Mohammadifard, Hussen Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Stefania Mondello, Mohammad Ali Moni, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Catrin E. Moore, Maryam Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Rafael Silveira Moreira, Negar Morovatdar, Shane Douglas Morrison, Jakub Morze, Reza Mosaddeghi Heris, Elias Mossialos, Rohith Motappa, Vincent Mougin, Parsa Mousavi, Ahmed Msherghi, Sumaira Mubarik, Lorenzo Muccioli, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Francesk Mulita, Erin C. Mullany, Kavita Munjal, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, B.V. Murlimanju, Ana-Maria Musina, Ghulam Mustafa, Sathish Muthu, Saravanan Muthupandian, Raman Muthusamy, Muhammad Muzaffar, Woojae Myung, Ayoub Nafei, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Pirouz Naghavi, Ganesh R. Naik, Gurudatta Naik, Firzan Nainu, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Soroush Najdaghi, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Dhairya P. Nanavaty, Vinay Nangia, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Delaram Narimani Davani, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gustavo G. Nascimento, Abdulqadir J. Nashwan, Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Samidi N.K. Navaratna, Muhammad Naveed, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C. Nayak, Rawlance Ndejjo, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Hadush Negash, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Chakib Nejjari, Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi, Samata Nepal, Subas Neupane, Marie Ng, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Dang H. Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y. Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Phuong The Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Duc Nguyen Tran Minh, Robina Khan Niazi, Sneha Ingle Nicholson, Jing Nie, Ali Nikoobar, Amin Reza Nikpoor, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Efaq Ali Noman, Shuhei Nomura, Nafise Noroozi, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, George Ntaios, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Mengistu H. Nunemo, Dieta Nurrika, Jerry John Nutor, Bogdan Oancea, Erin M. O'Connell, Ismail A. Odetokun, Martin James O'Donnell, Michael Safo Oduro, Adesola Adenike Ogunfowokan, Abiola Ogunkoya, In-Hwan Oh, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T. Olagunju, Omotola O. Olasupo, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Arão Belitardo Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Yinka Doris Oluwafemi, Hany A. Omar, Ahmed Omar Bali, Goran Latif Omer, Kanyin Liane Ong, Sokking Ong, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Kenneth Ikenna Onyedibe, Anita Frimpomaa Oppong, Michal Ordak, Verner N. Orish, Raffaele Ornello, Heather M. Orpana, Alberto Ortiz, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Wael M.S. Osman, Samuel M. Ostroff, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Adrian Otoiu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Ifeoluwa Temitayo Oyeyemi, Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi, Mahesh P.A. Padukudru, Kevin Pacheco-Barrios, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Pramod Kumar Pal, Tamás Palicz, Feng Pan, Hai-Feng Pan, Adrian Pana, Sujogya K. Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Ashok Pandey, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Anca Mihaela Pantea Stoian, Paraskevi Papadopoulou, Marie C. Parent, Pragyan Paramita Parija, Romil R. Parikh, Seoyeon Park, Sungchul Park, Nicholas Parsons, Ava Pashaei, Maja Pasovic, Roberto Passera, Shankargouda Patil, Dimitrios Patoulias, Venkata Suresh Patthipati, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Amy E. Peden, Paolo Pedersini, Minjin Peng, Umberto Pensato, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Emmanuel K. Peprah, Prince Peprah, Mario F.P. Peres, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Konrad Pesudovs, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Hoang Tran Pham, Anil K. Philip, Michael R. Phillips, Brandon V. Pickering, Daniela Pierannunzio, Manon Pigeolet, David M. Pigott, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Michael A. Piradov, Enrico Pisoni, Mapa Prabhath Piyasena, Dietrich Plass, Evgenii Plotnikov, Dimitri Poddighe, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Ramesh Poluru, Constance Dimity Pond, Djordje S. Popovic, Fabio Porru, Maarten J. Postma, Govinda Raj Poudel, Ahmad Pour-Rashidi, Akram Pourshams, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Disha Prabhu, Sergio I. Prada, Jalandhar Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Manya Prasad, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Hery Purnobasuki, Bharathi M. Purohit, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Ibrahim Qattea, Asma Saleem Qazi, Gangzhen Qian, Suli Qiu, Mehrdad Rabiee Rad, Amir Radfar, Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki, Quinn Rafferty, Alireza Rafiei, Alberto Raggi, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Nasiru Raheem, Fakher Rahim, Md Jillur Rahim, Mahban Rahimifard, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Md Obaidur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Bita Rahmani, Mohammad Rahmanian, Nazanin Rahmanian, Vahid Rahmanian, Masoud Rahmati, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Diego Raimondo, Sathish Rajaa, Vinoth Rajendran, Prashant Rajput, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Premkumar Ramasubramani, Sheena Ramazanu, Pramod W. Ramteke, Juwel Rana, Kritika Rana, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Amey Rane, Usha Rani, Annemarei Ranta, Chythra R. Rao, Mithun Rao, Puja C. Rao, Sowmya J. Rao, Davide Rasella, Sina Rashedi, Vahid Rashedi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Ilari Rautalin, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Christian Razo, Zinabu Ferede Ferede Reda, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Lennart Reifels, Marissa B. Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Serge Resnikoff, Stefano Restaino, Luis Felipe Reyes, Maryam Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Taeho Gregory Rhee, Mavra A. Riaz, Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Hannah Elizabeth Robinson-Oden, Célia Fortuna Rodrigues, Mónica Rodrigues, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Debby Syahru Romadlon, Luca Ronfani, Jennifer Jacqueline Rosauer, Gholamreza Roshandel, Morteza Rostamian, Kunle Rotimi, Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Bedanta Roy, Nitai Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, Guilherme de Andrade Ruela, Susan Fred Rumisha, Tilleye Runghien, Michele Russo, Sacha Walde Ruzzante, S.N. Chandan, Aly M.A. Saad, Korosh Saber, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Simona Sacco, Perminder S. Sachdev, Rajesh Sachdeva, Basema Saddik, Adam Saddler, Bashdar Abuzed Sadee, Ehsan Sadeghi, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Elham Sadeghi Majd, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Mehdi Safari, Sare Safi, Sher Zaman Safi, Rajesh Sagar, Dominic Sagoe, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Monalisha Sahu, Zahra Saif, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Joseph W. Sakshaug, Nasir Salam, Payman Salamati, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Luciane B. Salaroli, Leili Salehi, Sana Salehi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Mohammed Z.Y. Salem, Dauda Salihu, Sohrab Salimi, Giovanni A. Salum, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Sara Samadzadeh, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Francesca Sanna, Damian Francesco Santomauro, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Made Ary Sarasmita, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Aswini Saravanan, Babak Saravi, Yaser Sarikhani, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Gargi Sachin Sarode, Sachin C. Sarode, Benn Sartorius, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Davide Sattin, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Abu Sayeed, Md Abu Sayeed, Mehdi Sayyah, Christophe Schinckus, Maria Inês Schmidt, Art Schuermans, Austin E. Schumacher, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Michaël Schwarzinger, David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Mohammad H. Semreen, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Dragos Serban, Marc L. Serre, Yashendra Sethi, Mahan Shafie, Humaira Shah, Nilay S. Shah, Pritik A. Shah, Syed Mahboob Shah, Ataollah Shahbandi, Amira A. Shaheen, Samiah Shahid, Wajeehah Shahid, Hamid R. Shahsavari, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Summaiya Zareen Shaikh, Ali S. Shalash, Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran, Mohammad Anas Shamsi, Mohd Shanawaz, Abhishek Shankar, Sadaf Sharfaei, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Manoj Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Rajesh P. Shastry, Amin Shavandi, Amr Mohamed Elsayed Shehabeldine, Somia Shehzadi, Aziz Sheikh, Jiabin Shen, Adithi Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Pavanchand H. Shetty, Amir Shiani, Desalegn Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Min-Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Aminu Shittu, Ivy Shiue, K.M. Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Rajan Shrestha, Sunil Shrestha, Kanwar Hamza Shuja, Kerem Shuval, Yafei Si, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Soraia Silva, Thales Philipe R. Silva, Colin R. Simpson, Abhinav Singh, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Baljinder Singh, Garima Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Mahendra Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Robert Sinto, Shravan Sivakumar, Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Natia Skhvitaridze, Søren T. Skou, David A. Sleet, Farrukh Sobia, Matiwos Soboka, Bogdan Socea, Shahabaddin Solaimanian, Ranjan Solanki, Shipra Solanki, Sameh S.M. Soliman, Ranjani Somayaji, Yi Song, Reed J.D. Sorensen, Joan B. Soriano, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Michael Spartalis, Sandra Spearman, Cory N. Spencer, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Panagiotis Stachteas, Lauryn K. Stafford, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, Caroline Stein, Dan J. Stein, Fridolin Steinbeis, Caitlyn Steiner, Sabine Steinke, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Leo Stockfelt, Mark A. Stokes, Kurt Straif, Saverio Stranges, Narayan Subedi, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Muhammad Suleman, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Johan Sundström, David Sunkersing, Katharina S. Sunnerhagen, Vinay Suresh, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Mindy D. Szeto, Payam Tabaee Damavandi, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Ozra Tabatabaei Malazy, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Shima Tabatabai, Celine Tabche, Mohammad Tabish, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Yasaman Taheri Abkenar, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Amir Taherkhani, Jabeen Taiba, Ken Takahashi, Iman M. Talaat, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Haosu Tang, Nathan Y. 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Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia; Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Technology Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Orthopedic Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiotherapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for War-affected People, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Tropical Health and Parasitology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Department of Midwifery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL, United States; Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico; National Research Council of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Centre of Telehealth, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Vaccination Research Observatory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Clinical Science Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Nursing Education & Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Surgery, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Risk and Actuarial Studies, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome), Rome, Italy; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Public Health, Walden University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Business Administration, Muhammadiyah University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Global and Public Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India; Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Medicine, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India; Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Microbial, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Moyen Mono Health District, Ministry of Health, Tohoun, Togo; Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Orthodontics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman; Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Biostatistics, and Epidemiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Asian University for Women, McGill University, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Division of Forensic Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Royal Jordanian Medical Services, Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Unit of Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Section of Adult Hematology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan; Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Department of Geography, Sulltan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IRCCS Ca' Granda Maggiore Polyclinic Hospital Foundation), Milan, Italy; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; Department of Radiologic Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Bordeaux School of Public Health, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Dentistry, Sana'a, Yemen; Public Health and Community Medicine, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physical Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Prosthodontics, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen; Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Kuwait; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Genetics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan; Evaluation Unit, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisations, Geneva, Switzerland; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Medicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milano, Italy; Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; European University, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Child Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Urology and Kidney Transplant, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, India; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Inflammatory Lung Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India; Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Operations Department, Breast Without Spot, Enugu, Nigeria; School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Rajaie Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Information Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Educational Development Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Community Health Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden; Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden; National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Education (NASRME), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia; Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru; Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (Princess University Hospital), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Department of Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal; Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies Department, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal; Toxicology Research Unit (TOXRUN), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal; Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) (Central Bureau of Statistics), The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States; Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge Inc, Saint Paul, MN, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Department of Cardiology, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Division of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Medical Physics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Orthodontics Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Clinial Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia; Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pharmacy Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Health Care Management Department, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom; Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, United States; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia; Alpha Genomics, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Cooper Medical School, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; IT Department, Coforge, Georgia, GA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France; University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; Department of Medical Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Liverpool Orthopaedic and Trauma Service, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Industrial Engineering, Haliç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States; School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States; School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Institute of Marketing, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary; Competition Economics and Market Research Section, Hungarian Competition Authority, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Butte County Department of Public Health, Chico, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Portugal, Rio de Mouro, Portugal; Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States; Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Central Department of Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Anatomy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Internal Medicine, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India; Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Family Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Scientific-Tools.Org, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Neurology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of GI Surgery, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Clinical Research Centre, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; General Directorate of Health Information Systems, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali (Santiago de Cali University), Cali, Colombia; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria; Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Biomedical Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Neuroscience, University of Panama, Ancon, Panama; Infectious Diseases Department, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU, & Sepsis Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom; Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Department of Health Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; School of Public Health and Administration, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Management and Healthcare (EMbeDS), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy; Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Dermatology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII (Territorial Healthcare Company Pope John XXIII), Bergamo, Italy; Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento (Institute of Research Innovation and Development), University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Department of Mental Health, Healthcare Agency "Friuli Occidentale", Pordenone, Italy; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of HongKong, Hong Kong; Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of HongKong, Hong Kong; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of HongKong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of HongKong, Hong Kong; ICMR School of Public Health, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India; Heart Failure and Structural Heart Disease Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine and Therapeutic, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Informatics, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Center for Cancer Epidemiology, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India; Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Computer Science, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Clinical Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of HongKong, Hong Kong; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of HongKong, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of HongKong, Hong Kong; Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru; Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP), Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Leadership Institute for Global Health Transformation (LIGHT), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, Viet Nam National University-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of AndroUrology, AndroUrology Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States; Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Surgery, "Sf Pantelimon" Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Complutense University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Medical College, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Research, Colima State Health Services, Colima, Mexico; Department of Medicine, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain; St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2nd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India; Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India; Pharmacology Department, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Pathology, ICARIndian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Dr D Y Patil University, Pune, India; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr D Y Patil University, Pune, India; Planetary Health Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India; The Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Gastroenterology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; School of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Biostatistics, Tehran, Iran; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University "Prof Dr Paraskev Stoyanov", Varna, Bulgaria; School of Elderly Care Services and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy; School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Cardiology, St Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, NJ, United States; Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health), Salvador, Brazil; Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Child Health Analytics Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Geospatial Health and Development Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; The Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom; AlMoosa College of Health Science, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacy Program, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurophysiology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Department of Radiology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of HongKong, Hong Kong; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of HongKong, Hong Kong; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Division of Epidemiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Scinces, Semnan, Iran; Bologna, Italy; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy; Dissemination Division, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal; Activity Planning and Control Unit, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; Centre for Health Policy Research, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia; Laboratory of experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Health Research, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Atchabarov Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; The National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Third Department of Neurology, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; School of Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; School of Social Sciences, Stretton Health Equity, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Center for Research in Indigenous Health, Maya Health Alliance, Tecpán, Guatemala; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Healthcare Innovation Department, Regional Agency for Health and Social Care of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania; Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Churchill, VIC, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India; Department of Neurology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India; Health Sciences Department of Oncology Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive and Family Health, Axum College of Health Science, Axum, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center of Health Management, Aden University, Aden, Yemen; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; NCD Surveillance Unit, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute for Leadership and Health Management, Moscow Medical Academy, Moscow, Russian Federation; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Nursing, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Chiro, Ethiopia; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Westmead Applied Research Centre, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Speech Therapy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Life Sciences, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy; Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Local Health Authority of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of General Surgery, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Department of Internal Medicine, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Non-communicable Division (NCD), Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India; Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Middle East Region, Shiraz, Iran; Food Technology Research, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health, Charité Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Research Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Botany and Microbiology Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health, Tropical Disease and Health Research Center, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Public Health, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Radiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Palamau Institute of Pharmacy, Daltonganj, India; Public Health Department, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria; Tabriz, Iran; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmö, Sweden; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; School of Allied Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Santa Clara, CA, United States; Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Students Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland; Meta Research Centre, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Columbia, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; School of Dentistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, AR, United States; School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Research Division, ARCED Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, United States; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Global Health and Health Security Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Center for Nutrition and Information, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Research, ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; Clinical Laboratory Department, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Center for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology University, Bedong, Malaysia; Faculty of Dentistry, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology University, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Global Health, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Industrial Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Department of Health Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Leukemia, The University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Statistics Unit, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Institute for Neurosciences, St Luke's Medical Center, Bonifacio Global City, Philippines; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Zoonoses Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Department of Clinical Sciences, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University, West Reading, PA, United States; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Dermatology, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal, Karnal, India; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States; Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; Campaign for Health and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Programme, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dr S S Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; University of Nairobi, Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Nursing Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Human Nutrition, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India; Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom; College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Faculty of Nursing, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan; Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India; Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University Of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Research Department, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway; Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Prof Dr Hamka, Jakarta, Indonesia; Program Division, SEAMEO Regional Center for Food and Nutrition, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Millennium Prevention, Westwood, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; GBD Collaborating Unit, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; The Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of General Practice – Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Department of Health Innovation, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Evidence Synthesis Unit, Partnership for Research, Opportunity, Planning, Upskilling, and Leadership (PROPUL) Evidence, Chennai, India; Department of Physiology, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Loni, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana; Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine, Cabrini Institute, Akron, OH, United States; Department of Economics, Parul University, Vadodara, India; Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India; Global Health Institute, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Health Information Research Unit, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Health Services Research and Management, City University of London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Health Policy and Strategy, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; SD Gupta School of Public Health, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India; School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Applied Data Analytics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States; Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama; Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Chief Medical Office, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; International Society Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States; Health Economics Division, Monash University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; School of Medicine, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; National Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China; College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia; The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Sociology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Global Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, München, Germany; Department of Public Health, Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India; Department of Physical Medicine and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany; School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Epidemiology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China; Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South of Sinai, Egypt; 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; 3rd Department of Cardiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Periodontal Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health & Population, Aswan, Egypt; Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysuru, India; Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore, India; School of Pharmacy, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Planetary Health Alliance, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Munawarrah, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia; Center for Health & Nature, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Department of Forensic Medicine, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, India; Department of Forensic Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; General Surgery Department I, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Fourth Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Information and Communication Technology Research Pole (Lab-STICC), ENSTA Bretagne, Brest, France; Laboratory of Public Health, Instituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS (Italian Auxological Institute), Milan, Italy; Biomedical Engineering Research Center (CREB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Artificial Intelligence, Smart University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Economics, Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Campus Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Research Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Orthopedic Trauma Pathology Department, IRCCS, Bologna, Italy; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Research Unit for Global Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Department of Healthcare, University of Vlora, Vlora City, Albania; Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Office of Innovation, Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle, Germany; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Health Economics, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Public Health Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Anaesthesiology Department, Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Epidemiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; County of Cook, Office of The Medical Examiner, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza General Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Center for Palliative and Supportive Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Health Policy & Organization, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Division of Cardiology, St Vincent College, Worcester, MA, United States; College of Healthcare Management and Economics, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Panacea Institute of Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Varanasi, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Dr B C Roy Multi-Specialty Medical Research Centre, Kharagpur, India; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Foundation for Liver Research, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom; New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; College of Health Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Messina, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Medical Toxicology & Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; College of Medical Sciences, SGMK Copernicus University, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T Popa" Iasi, Iaşi, Romania; Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T Popa" Iasi, Iaşi, Romania; Second Surgical Unit, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iaşi, Romania; Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iaşi, Romania; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Research Methodology, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India; Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, India; Prince Fahad bin Sultan for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Elderly Health Research Center, Research and Academic Institution, Tehran, Iran; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, MOSC Medical College, Kolenchery, India; The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India; Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine, Euromed University of Fes, Fez, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Palpa, Nepal; Department of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam; Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Public Health, St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang (State University of Semarang), Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; The Cardiac Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia; Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LLDIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia; School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland; Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, United States; Department of Nursing Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Associação Brasileira de Cefaleia em Salvas e Enxaqueca, ABRACES, São Paulo, Brazil; Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Surgery Department, Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq; ENT Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Noncommunicable Disease Prevention Unit, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Early Detection & Cancer Prevention Services, Pantai Jerudong Specialist Centre, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States; School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana; Department of Neurology, ASL Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Substance Related Harms Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; Department of Public Health, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India; Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States; 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, European Interbalkan Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, Advent Health, Palm Coast, FL, United States; Department of Hospital Medicine, Palm Coast, FL, United States; Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy; Outpatient Department, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China; The First Clinical College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy; Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy; International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales (Diego Portales University), Santiago, Chile; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Roma, Italy; Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Air and Climate Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy; Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Directorate of Policy Analysis and Development, Ministry of Health Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany; Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India; University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; San Diego, CA, United States; Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas (Clinical Research Center), Fundación Valle del Lili (Valle del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia; National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biostatistics Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq; Department of Cardiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cariovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute), Milan, Italy; Pathology Department, Mobiddo Adama University Teaching Hospital -Yola, Yola, Nigeria; Department of Health Sciences, Cihan University-Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Student Research Committee, Rasht, Iran; Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran; Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran; Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India; Laboratory Department, Mure Memorial Hospital, Nagpur, India; Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, India; Research and Innovation Division, South Asian Institute for Social Transformation (SAIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal; Health Economics and Outcomes Research Department, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurology, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, India; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Science, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh; Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; National Data Management and Analytics Center, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana (Savannah University), Chia, Colombia; Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad De La Sabana (Savannah University Clinic), Chia, Colombia; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; One Health Toxicology Research Unit (1H-TOXRUN), Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (CESPU), Paredes, Portugal; Departamento de Farmacologia y Toxicologia, Universidad de Antioquia (University of Antioquia), Medellin, Colombia; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Technical Department, Malaria Consortium, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Public Health Pharmacy, West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Lagos, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia; Centro de Investigación Palmira (Palmira Research Center), Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria AGROSAVIA (Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation), Bogota, Colombia; Juiz de For a Federal University, Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil; Nursing Department, Universidade Presidente Antônio Carlos (President Antônio Carlos University), Governador Valadares, Brazil; Department of Health Statistics, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Cardiology, S Maria dei Battuti Hospital, Conegliano, Italy; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Department of Veterans Affairs, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Multidisciplinary Laboratory, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan; International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, India; Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan; Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany; Department of Health Education & Promotion, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Karaj, Iran; Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Technology Management Department, University College of Applied Sciences, Gaza, Palestine; School of Economics and Management, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany; College of Nursing, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia; Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Anatomy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, India; Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia; Pharmacy Study Program, Udayana University, Badung, Indonesia; Thiruvananthapuram, India; Indira Gandhi Medical College, Research Institute, Puducherry, India; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Orthopaedics, Loretto Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Health and Society, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogota, Colombia; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (IRCCS Maugeri Scientific Clinical Institute), Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia; Faculty of Business and Computing, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; Department of Finance, International School of Management, Paris, France; Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Methodology and Innovation in Prevention, University Hospital of Bordeaux, France, Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, The National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Bordeaux, France; Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; HepatoPancreatoBiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Department, Healthcare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital, Bangalore, India; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran; Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Neuro-Physiotherapy, Thane, India; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Department of Clinical Review and Safety, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, United States; Facultad de Medicina (Faculty of Medicine), Universidad del Azuay (University of Azuay), Cuenca, Ecuador; Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Center, Mangalore, India; Department of Engineering, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium; Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Public Health, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Immunology and Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridiski", Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Public Health, Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal; National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Nursing in Women's Health, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India; Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punbjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Community Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India; Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India; Medical Statistics Department, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; School of Health Sciences, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark; Division of Injury Prevention, The Bizzell Group, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin (Dutch Part); Department of Biochemistry, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown, Barbados; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network), Madrid, Spain; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Public Health Department, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany; Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Schiller Institute, Boston College, Boston, MA, United States; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Department of Neurocare, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Outcomes, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Health and Community Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States; University Institute "Egas Moniz", Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa (University of Lisbon), Lisbon, Portugal; Outpatient Department, Wollega University, Bedele town, Ethiopia; Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Public Health Department, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India; Department of Gastroenterology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia; Office of Global Relations, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France; SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Chennai, India; High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Health Informatics Department, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; Department of Health, Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari, Tricase, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid (European University of Madrid), Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Center for Disease and Control Programs, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico; Health Initiative of the Americas, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin (Jose de San Martín Clinical Hospital), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China; Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Stomatological Hospital (College), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; Department of Public Health Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Family Medicine, St Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Biostatics, Epidemiology, and Science Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey; Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama School of Medicine, Toyama, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Business & Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, India; Department of Emergency Medicine, Global Emergency Medicine Innovation and Implementation (GEMINI) Research Center, Durham, NC, United States; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen; Department of Health Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States; Sant'Elia Hospital, University of Catania, Caltanissetta, Italy; Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China; School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China; Department of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Humanities and Management, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Penang, Malaysia
