Rikson Siburian, Liang Wei Tang, Yatimah Alias, Alfred Iing Yoong Tok, Ronn Goei, Crystina Simanjuntak, Kerista Tarigan, Suriati Paiman, Boon Tong Goh, Isa Anshori, Cepi Kurniawan
In this paper, a breakthrough was achieved in large-scale production of N-doped Graphene Nano Sheets (N-GNS) using coconut fruits. The main objectives were to produce N-GNS on a large scale and assess its electrical conductivity. The process involved two key steps: first, producing GNS from coconut fruits through pyrolysis, and then generating N-GNS by doping with nitrogen using ammonia solution at room temperature. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the produced N-GNS, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The XRD data indicated that the C (002) peak of N-GNS shifted to a higher 2θ value (2θ = 24.72°) compared to GNS (2θ = 23.86°), suggesting an incorporation of nitrogen into carbon structure in N-GNS. This was further supported by XPS data, which identified N-pyridine (BE = 402.0 eV) and C-N (BE = 286.8 eV) in N-GNS. TEM images showed that N-GNS had a flat surface, and the distance between graphene layers slightly expanded (0.36 nm) compared to graphene layers (0.34 nm). SEM images and EDX data validated the morphology, resembling honeycomb lattices, with a significant content of N atoms. Raman data successfully identified the D-band and G-band in N-GNS, further validating its production. Most importantly, N-GNS exhibited electrical conductivity, making it a promising candidate for conductive and supporting materials in various applications. The significance of this research extends beyond N-GNS production, opening up new avenues for the sustainable synthesis of valuable nanomaterials from coconut fruit waste, contributing to both graphene technology and environmental conservation. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia; Carbon and Frankincense Research Center, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, (Serdang) Seri Kembangan, 43400, Malaysia; Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Research Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia; Functional Material Research Center, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia
