Kanyin Liane Ong, Lauryn K. Stafford, Susan A. McLaughlin, Edward J. Boyko, Stein Emil Vollset, Amanda E. Smith, Bronte E. Dalton, Joe Duprey, Jessica A. Cruz, Hailey Hagins, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Amirali Aali, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Melsew Dagne Abate, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Rami Abd-Rabu, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah, Vida Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Tigist Demssew Adane, Denberu Eshetie Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A. Adegboye, Victor Adekanmbi, Abiola Victor Adepoju, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Rotimi Felix Afolabi, Gina Agarwal, Zahra Babaei Aghdam, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Arriagada, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Danish Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Ayman Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Luai A. Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Hanadi Al Hamad, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal, Tariq A. Alalwan, Ziyad Al-Aly, Mohammad T. AlBataineh, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Sharifullah Alemi, Hassam Ali, Tahereh Alinia, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Sohrab Amiri, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Adnan Ansar, Golnoosh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Hidayat Arifin, Mesay Arkew, Benedetta Armocida, Johan Arnlov, Anton A. Artamonov, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Ashokan Arumugam, Zahra Aryan, Mulu Tiruneh Asemu, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Elaheh Askari, Daniel Asmelash, Thomas Astell-Burt, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Ahmed Awaisu, Sina Azadnajafabad, B.B. Darshan, Hassan Babamohamadi, Muhammad Badar, Alaa Badawi, Ashish D. Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Sulaiman Bah, Saeed Bahadory, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Hamid Reza Baradaran, Martina Barchitta, Mainak Bardhan, Noel C. Barengo, Till Winfried Barnighausen, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Amadou Barrow, Hamideh Bashiri, Afisu Basiru, Sanjay Basu, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Kavita Batra, Mulat Tirfie Bayih, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Alehegn Bekele Bekele, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Luis Belo, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Sonu Bhaskar, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Boris Bikbov, Faiq Bilal, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Saeid Bitaraf, Veera R. Bitra, Vesna Bjegovic-Mikanovic, Virginia Bodolica, Archith Boloor, Michael Brauer, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Hermann Brenner, Zahid A. Butt, Daniela Calina, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Yin Cao, Chao Cao, Josip Car, Marcia Carvalho, Carlos A. Castaneda-Orjuela, Ferran Catala-Lopez, Ester Cerin, Joshua Chadwick, Eeshwar K. Chandrasekar, Gashaw Sisay Chanie, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Kirti Chauhan, Huzaifa Ahmad Cheema, Endeshaw Chekol Abebe, Simiao Chen, Nicolas Cherbuin, Fatemeh Chichagi, Saravana Babu Chidambaram, William C. S. Cho, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Rajiv Chowdhury, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Kaleb Coberly, Alyssa Columbus, Daniela Contreras, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H. Criqui, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Sarah Cuschieri, Bashir Dabo, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Saswati Das, Ana Maria Dascalu, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Mohsen Dashti, Claudio Alberto Davila-Cervantes, Vanessa De la Cruz-Gongora, Gebiso Roba Debele, Kourosh Delpasand, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Xinlei Deng, Edgar Denova-Gutierrez, Salil V. Deo, Emina Dervišević, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Aragaw Tesfaw Desale, Anteneh Mengist Dessie, Fikreab Desta, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Sourav Dey, Kuldeep Dhama, Meghnath Dhimal, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Monica Dinu, Mengistie Diress, Shirin Djalalinia, Linh Phuong Doan, Deepa Dongarwar, Francisco Winter dos Santos Figueiredo, Bruce B. Duncan, Siddhartha Dutta, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Hisham Atan Edinur, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Islam Y. Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Mohamed A. Elmonem, Destaw Endeshaw, Hawi Leul Esayas, Habitu Birhan Eshetu, Farshid Etaee, Ibtihal Fadhil, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Shahab Falahi, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Hossein Farrokhpour, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Ghazal Fazli, Xiaoqi Feng, Tomas Y. Ferede, Florian Fischer, David Flood, Ali Forouhari, Roham Foroumadi, Masoumeh Foroutan Koudehi, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Santosh Gaihre, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Yaseen Galali, Balasankar Ganesan, M.A. Garcia-Gordillo, Rupesh K. Gautam, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Lemma Getacher, Fataneh Ghadirian, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Fariba Ghassemi, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Shi-Yang Guan, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Rafael Alves Guimaraes, Rashid Abdi Guled, Rajeev Gupta, Kartik Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Bishal Gyawali, Rasool Haddadi, Najah R. Hadi, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Ramtin Hajibeygi, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Samer Hamidi, Graeme J. Hankey, Md Abdul Hannan, Shafiul Haque, Hamid Harandi, Netanja I. Harlianto, S.M. Mahmudul Hasan, Syed Shahzad Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Soheil Hassanipour, Mohammed Bheser Hassen, Johannes Haubold, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Kamran Hessami, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Sahadat Hossain, Md Shakhaoat Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Junjie Huang, Md Nazmul Huda, Salman Hussain, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Nayu Ikeda, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Afrin Iqbal, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rakibul M. Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Ramaiah Itumalla, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie C. D. Iwu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Assefa N. Iyasu, Louis Jacob, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Haitham Jahrami, Rajesh Jain, Chinwe Jaja, Zahra Jamalpoor, Elham Jamshidi, Balamurugan Janakiraman, Krishnamurthy Jayanna, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Wonjeong Jeong, Yinzi Jin, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B. Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Abel Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Vidya Kadashetti, Farima Kahe, Rohollah Kalhor, Himal Kandel, Shama D. Karanth, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Samad Karkhah, Patrick D. M. C. Katoto, Navjot Kaur, Sina Kazemian, Sewnet Adem Kebede, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Moien A. B. Khan, Maseer Khan, Ajmal Khan, Saval Khanal, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Amir M. Khater, Sorour Khateri, Fatemeh Khorashadizadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Biruk Getahun Kibret, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Mika Kivimaki, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Somayeh Komaki, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Oleksii Korzh, Karel Kostev, Nikhil Kothari, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mohammed Kuddus, Md Abdul Kuddus, Rakesh Kumar, Harish Kumar, Satyajit Kundu, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Carlo La Vecchia, Tea Lallukka, Bagher Larijani, Anders O. Larsson, Kamaluddin Latief, Basira Kankia Lawal, Thao Thi Thu Le, Trang Thi Bich Le, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Munjae Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Paul H. Lee, Sang-Woong Lee, Seung Won Lee, Samson Mideksa Legesse, Jacopo Lenzi, Yongze Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S. Lim, Lee-Ling Lim, Xuefeng Liu, Chaojie Liu, Chun-Han Lo, Graciliana Lopes, Stefan Lorkowski, Rafael Lozano, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Azzam A. Maghazachi, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Soleiman Mahjoub, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh, Anh Tuan Mai, Azeem Majeed, Pantea Majma Sanaye, Konstantinos Christos Makris, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Borhan Mansouri, Hamid Reza Marateb, Parham Mardi, Santi Martini, Miquel Martorell, Roy Rillera Marzo, Reza Masoudi, Sahar Masoudi, Elezebeth Mathews, Andrea Maugeri, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Teferi Mekonnen, Mahboobeh Meshkat, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Le Huu Nhat Minh, G.K. Mini, J. Jaime Miranda, Reza Mirfakhraie, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Awoke Misganaw, Kebede Haile Misgina, Manish Mishra, Babak Moazen, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mohsen Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Marita Mohammadshahi, Alireza Mohseni, Hoda Mojiri-Forushani, Ali H. Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Md Moniruzzaman, Ute Mons, Fateme Montazeri, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Yousef Moradi, Maryam Moradi, Mostafa Moradi Sarabi, Negar Morovatdar, Shane Douglas Morrison, Jakub Morze, Elias Mossialos, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Francesk Mulita, Admir Mulita, Efren Murillo-Zamora, Kamarul Imran Musa, Julius C. Mwita, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Mohsen Naghavi, Firzan Nainu, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Vinay Nangia, Shumaila Nargus, Abdallah Y. Naser, Hasan Nassereldine, Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Rawlance Ndejjo, Hadush Negash, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Dang H. Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Muhammad A. Nizam, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Mamoona Noreen, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Nkechi Martina Odogwu, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Vivek Anand Ojha, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Michal Ordak, Alberto Ortiz, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Abderrahim Oulhaj, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Raffaele Palladino, Demosthenes Panagiotakos, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Ashok Pandey, Anamika Pandey, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Anca Mihaela Pantea Stoian, Shahina Pardhan, Tarang Parekh, Utsav Parekh, Maja Pasovic, Jay Patel, Jenil R. Patel, Uttam Paudel, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Marcos Pereira, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Vivek Podder, Maarten J. Postma, Ghazaleh Pourali, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir, Ibrahim Qattea, Pourya Raee, Ibrar Rafique, Mehran Rahimi, Mahban Rahimifard, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Md Obaidur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Md Mosfequr Rahman, Mohamed Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Niloufar Rahnavard, Bibek Rajbhandari, Pradhum Ram, Sheena Ramazanu, Juwel Rana, Nemanja Rancic, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Chythra R. Rao, Deepthi Rapaka, Drona Prakash Rasali, Sina Rashedi, Vahid Rashedi, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Kannan R. R. Rengasamy, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Luis Felipe Reyes, Nima Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Hossein Rezazadeh, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Yohanes Andy Rias, Muhammad Riaz, Daniela Ribeiro, Monica Rodrigues, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Peter Rohloff, Gholamreza Roshandel, Abazar Roustazadeh, Godfrey M. Rwegerera, Aly M. A. Saad, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Leila Sabzmakan, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Umar Saeed, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Sare Safi, Sher Zaman Safi, Amene Saghazadeh, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Harihar Sahoo, K.M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Sarvenaz Salahi, Saina Salahi, Mohamed A. Saleh, Mohammad Amin Salehi, Joshua A. Salomon, Juan Sanabria, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Made Ary Sarasmita, Saman Sargazi, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Monika Sawhney, Markus P. 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Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings: In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500–564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8–6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7–9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5–13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1–79·5) in individuals aged 75–79 years. Total diabetes prevalence—especially among older adults—primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1–96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9–95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5–71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5–30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22–1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1–17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8–11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation: Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; School of Medicine; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine; Department of Applied Mathematics; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Medicine; Department of Global Health; Division of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; General Medicine Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, France; E-Learning Center; Clinical Research Development Unit; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center; International UNESCO Center for Health-related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition; Applied Biomedical Research Center; Biotechnology Research Center, Japan; Department of Medical Informatics; Clinial Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Center for Primary Care; Department of Environmental Health; Division of Cardiology; Maternal Fetal Care Center; Cardiovascular Department; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology; Department of Global Health and Population; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Orthopaedic Surgery; Social Determinants of Health Research Center; Department of Epidemiology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department; Obesity Research Center; Functional Neurosurgery Research Center; Department of Genetics; School of Medicine; Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center; Ophthalmic Research Center; Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies; School of Medicine; Department of Scientific Research; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute; Department of Surgery; Ophthalmology Department; Department of Radiology; Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iran; Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute; Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran Heart Center; Children's Medical Center; Digestive Diseases Research Institute; Faculty of Medicine, France; National Institute for Health Research; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC); Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Iran; Department of Cardiology; Department of Medicine; Sina Trauma Research Center, Iran; Department of Neurology; Department of Microbiology; Faculty Of Medicine, France; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Epidemiology Department; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Evidence-Based Practice Center; Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; School of Planning, Faculty of Environment; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States; Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Laboratory Technology Sciences Department; Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; Clinical Sciences Department; Department of Physiotherapy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics; College of Medicine; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology; Department of Epidemiology; University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care; Department of Public Health; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Centre for Social Research in Health; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States; HIV and Infectious Diseases Department, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria; Adolescent Research and Care Department, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, France; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation; Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training; Faculty of Public Health; Department of Health Promotion and Education; College of Medicine; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Medical Imaging Sciences Research Team; Department of Radiology; Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine; Cardiovascular Research Center; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Center for Policy, Population & Health Research; Clinical Epidemiology; Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Emergencia Adulto, Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; School of Public Health, Ghana; School of Computing Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine; Department of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Medical Biochemistry; Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center; Department of Nursing, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; School of Public Health, Ghana; Department of Primary Care and Public Health; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Public Health, Finland; Family Medicine Department; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Brody School of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Geriatric and Long Term Care Department; Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Clinical Research Support Center, Kagawa University Hospital, Miki-cho, Japan; Institute of Global Health, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain; John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Surgery; Program in Physical Therapy; Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center; Department of Public Health Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Health Systems Research; Health and Nutrition Research Center; Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Global Health Entrepreneurship, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States; Metabolic Liver Disease Research Center; School of Medicine; Department of Environmental Health Engineering; Department of Ophthalmology; Emergency Department; Department of Biology; Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community Medicine; Pediatric Dentistry Department; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the), Barranquilla, Colombia; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy; Department of Anatomy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong; Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India; School of Nursing and Midwifery; Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Radiology; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Health Promotion Research Center; Department of Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; Health Management and Economics Research Center; Department of Epidemiology; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center; Trauma and Injury Research Center; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Community Medicine and Rehabilitation - Physiotherapy Section, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden; Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; Department of Medicine; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Nutrition; Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Clinical Biochemistrys, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Clinical Pharmacy; Institute of Public Health, Finland; Department of Human Physiology; Department of Health Promotion and Health Behavior; Department of Clinical Midwifery; Department of Statistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Health & Society; School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy; Sydney Medical School; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Genetics, United Kingdom; Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Immunology; Department of Pharmacology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Nephrology, India; Manipal TATA Medical College; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Nursing, Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences; Temerty Faculty of Medicine; Interdisciplinary Centre for Health and Society, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Department of Nursing; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; University Institute of Public Health; Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil; Ageing Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) Team; Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia"; Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties; Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India; Department of Molecular Microbiology; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Translational Medicine; Florida International University, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Programs, Partnerships, Research and Education, International Diabetes Federation, São Paulo, Brazil; International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Neuroscience Research Center; Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Public Health Nutrition; School of Health Science; Adult Health Nursing; Department of Health Informatics; Department of Medical Physiology; Department of Nursing; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, Jimma University, jimma, Ethiopia; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute; Department of Epidemiology; Department of International Studies; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Anatomy; Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science; Department of Environmental Health; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University, Karad, India; Biological Sciences Department; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO); Institute for Research and Innovation in Health; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Department of Nursing; Department of Statistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of General Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Scientific-Tools.Org, Bergamo, Italy; RADS-GBD and DEEP Unit MoNHSRC, Independent Consultant, Islamabad, Pakistan; Data Evaluation and Evidence for Policy (DEEP Unit), Ministry of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine; Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada), Sleman, Indonesia; School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Faculty of Health Sciences; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Institute of Social Medicine, China; Centre School of Public Health and Management; Faculty of Medicine, France; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centro Regional Universitario Noreste, University of the Republic of Uruguay, Rivera, Uruguay; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania; College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; ICMR School of Public Health, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine; School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacology; Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals; Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Medicine; Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacology; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Epidemiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of Health Informatics; Department of Behavioural Science and Health; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health; Institute for Global Health; Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States; Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies Department, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education), Gandra, Portugal; School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Anatomy Department, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health; Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; Indian Institute of Public Health; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India; Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania; Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Public Health, Mattu University, Mattu, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Ethics; School of Pharmacy, United Kingdom; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center; Department of Medical.Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Epidemiology Branch, National Insititute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Surgery; Department of Quantitative Health Science; Department of Neonatology; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Institute of Health and Wellbeing; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegowina, Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Biostatistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Forensic Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Department, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Health Research Section; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Global Health Innovations; Faculty of Medicine, France; Institute of Research and Development; Institue for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Epidemiology and Data Analysis Laboratory, University Center FMABC, Santo André, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; School of Health Sciences; Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Division of Cardiology; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Division of Non-Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Zoonotic Disease Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Nursing, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Finland; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for Research in Indigenous Health, Maya Health Alliance, Tecpán, Guatemala; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Biomaterials and Medicinal Chemistry Research Centre; Trauma Research Center; Department of Community Health, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; Food Technology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; School of Global Health, Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India; Faculty of Business and Management, Universidad Autonóma de Chile (Autonomous University of Chile), Talca, Chile; Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India; Discipline of Population Health; Health Economics Unit; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Reproductive Health; Department of Nursing; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, North Macedonia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China; Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Goi's, Goiânia, Brazil; College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences; Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Medical School; Dobney Hypertension Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Research & Scientific Studies Unit; Epidemiology Department; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Public Health, German University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; National Data Management Center for Health (NDMC); Knowledge Translation Directorate; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Unit, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology; Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States; Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center; Research Consultation Center (RCC); Non-communicable Disease Research Center; School of Public health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Research Division, ARCED Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation; Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; School of Biotechnology, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan; International Center for Nutrition and Information, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Health Research, ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Maternal and Child Health Division; Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Kedah, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of Health Management; Department of Biochemistry; College of Public Health & Health Informatics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology; Medical Statistics Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Knowledge Translation Program, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Colegio Medico La Paz Bolivia (Medical College of La), La Paz, Bolivia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint- Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Department of Immunology; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain; Non-Communicable Disease Department, National Health Mission, Lucknow, India; Department of Medicine, Mahavir Sikshan Sansthan, Kanpur, India; Department of Global Health; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Central Research Wing and Faculty of Physiotherapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, India; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India; Community Health Sciences Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Physiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Global Health, School of Public Health; China Centre for Health Development Studies; Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Zoonoses Research Center, Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Department of Clinical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Public Health, Ghana; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India; Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases; Health Services Management Department; Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States; Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo; Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India; MentalHealthPH, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Faroe Islands; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences; Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India; Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Oman, Nizwa, Oman; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development; Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran; Department of General Practice - Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Gynecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Demography; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Mathematics, Uruguay; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Global Health Institute, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga, Indonesia; Nursing School; Department of Global Health and Health Security; College of Medicine; Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics; College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nephrology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, India; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Family Welfare, Indonesia; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Internal Medicine Department; Department of General Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, France; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Cardiovascular Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States; School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Medial Research Collaborating Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany; School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia; Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IL, United States; Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India; Material Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center; Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Biomedical Engineering Research Center (CREB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech - UPC, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Faculty of Public Health; Health Policy and Administration - Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga), Surabaya, Indonesia; KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Khana, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Public Health, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia; Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Department of Medicine, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Epidemiology; National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Public Health Dentistry; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals; Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases; Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Social Determinants of Health Center; Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Public Health, Aksum University, Axum, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Molecular Biology Unit; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Pharmacology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, France; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran; Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Univeristy of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow- Up of the German National Cohort; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Health Workforce Department, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland; College of Health Sciences, Medical Laboratory Analysis Department, Sulaimaniya, Iraq; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute for Mental Health and Policy, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang (State University of), Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Clinical Investigation Unit, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan; Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Biochemistry, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India; Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medical Physiology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Medical Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care; Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India; Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Nutrition - Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; Board of Directors, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece; Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Global Health Governance Programme; Usher Institute; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences; Emergency Department, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Sakir, Bahrain; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile; Medical College, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Research and Development Coordination, Health Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran; Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Cardiology; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Leadership Institute for Global Health Transformation (LIGHT); Department of Surgery; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health; Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research and Innovation Division, South Asian Institute for Social Transformation (SAIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India; Data Analytic Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Centre for Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia; Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad De La Sabana, Chia, Colombia; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan; College of Nursing, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri (Bhakti Wiyata Kediri Institute of Health), Kediri, Indonesia; Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Pakistan, Dir Upper, Pakistan; Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal; Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan; International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community and Family Medicine; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Pakistan, Gujrat, Pakistan; Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran; Medical Laboratory, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, France; Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Pediatrics; Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, BK, Loni, India; Pharmacy Study Program, Udayana University, Badung, Indonesia; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Hypertension and Kidney Disease Laboratory; Diabetes and Population Health Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Biochemistry Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Review and Safety, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Public Health Dentistry; Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Department of Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States; Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States; School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology; Department of Internal Disease, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Health and Biomedical Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Medicine; Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Mingora, Pakistan; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Cardiovascular Program; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Research and Innovation Department, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berehan, Ethiopia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Health Management Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Public Health Department, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India; Department of Medicine, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monitoring and Evaluation Department, Nepal Development Society, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia; Modestum LTD, Eastbourne, United Kingdom; Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department Occupational Health and Safety, Universitas Airlngga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Public Health Department, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia; St. John of God Health Park, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Zoology; Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Salmanya, Bahrain; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, United States; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Medicine, General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
