Miftahul Mushlih, Marlita Bemova, Hagar Ali Marzouk, Kavana Hafil Kusuma, Ilmiana Nurur Rohmah, Nur Fitriana, Alex Prima, Yuyun Ika Christina, Dinia Rizqi Dwijayanti, Dewi Mustikaningtyas, Nashi Widodo, Muhammad Sasmito Djati, Sri Widyarti, Muhaimin Rifa’i
Curcuma xanthorrhiza, a commonly used Indonesian medicinal plant, has been widely utilized in traditional remedies, yet its antiviral potential against SARS-CoV-2 remains poorly defined. The current study was aimed at investigating the effect of C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract on inhibiting viral entry through in silico and in vitro studies. The active compounds of C. xanthorrhiza were characterized using liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The identified compounds were screened according to the Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, and Egan rules, and their antiviral activity was predicted using the PASS server. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations were employed to determine binding affinity and stability between the selected compounds and the SARS-CoV-2 Spike D614G protein. The virus-like particle (VLP) of SARS-CoV-2 G614D was produced in HEK-293T cells via cotransfection of plasmids encoding spike-EGFP, membrane, and envelope proteins, and its morphology was verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The IC50 value of C. xanthorrhiza extract on 16HBE14o- cells was analyzed using the WST-1 method. 16HBE14o- cells were exposed to VLP and treated with C. xanthorrhiza at 2.5, 5, 10, 40, and 125 μg/mL for 24 and 48 h. The EGFP intensity of VLP-internalized cells was assessed through fluorescent microscopy. Curcumin, curcumin II, piperine, (+)-ar-turmerone, and peruvinine showed the strongest binding affinities (−7.5 to −6.2 kcal/mol), while curcumin, curcumin II, and (+)-ar-turmerone exhibited the most stable binding interactions. TEM confirmed successful VLP formation with a mean diameter of 52.94 ± 27.32 nm, and the IC50 of the extract was 125 μg/mL. Furthermore, C. xanthorrhiza extract at 2.5 μg/mL significantly reduced VLP internalization after 24 h. These findings highlight C. xanthorrhiza as a promising natural candidate for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition, supported by consistent computational and experimental evidence. Copyright © 2026 Miftahul Mushlih et al. The Scientific World Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, East Java, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, East Java, Sidoarjo, Indonesia; Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic; Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, East Java, Malang, Indonesia; Dewan Jamu Indonesia East Java Region, East Java, Malang, Indonesia; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), West Java, Bogor, Indonesia; Innovation Center of Integrative Jamu and Eco-Pharmaca, Brawijaya University, East Java, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
