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Background: Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019), we measured the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index overall and for select age groups in 204 locations from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We distinguished the overall HAQ Index (ages 0–74 years) from scores for select age groups: the young (ages 0–14 years), working (ages 15–64 years), and post-working (ages 65–74 years) groups. For GBD 2019, HAQ Index construction methods were updated to use the arithmetic mean of scaled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and risk-standardised death rates (RSDRs) for 32 causes of death that should not occur in the presence of timely, quality health care. Across locations and years, MIRs and RSDRs were scaled from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) separately, putting the HAQ Index on a different relative scale for each age group. We estimated absolute convergence for each group on the basis of whether the HAQ Index grew faster in absolute terms between 1990 and 2019 in countries with lower 1990 HAQ Index scores than countries with higher 1990 HAQ Index scores and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. SDI is a summary metric of overall development. Findings: Between 1990 and 2019, the HAQ Index increased overall (by 19·6 points, 95% uncertainty interval 17·9–21·3), as well as among the young (22·5, 19·9–24·7), working (17·2, 15·2–19·1), and post-working (15·1, 13·2–17·0) age groups. Large differences in HAQ Index scores were present across SDI levels in 2019, with the overall index ranging from 30·7 (28·6–33·0) on average in low-SDI countries to 83·4 (82·4–84·3) on average in high-SDI countries. Similarly large ranges between low-SDI and high-SDI countries, respectively, were estimated in the HAQ Index for the young (40·4–89·0), working (33·8–82·8), and post-working (30·4–79·1) groups. Absolute convergence in HAQ Index was estimated in the young group only. In contrast, divergence was estimated among the working and post-working groups, driven by slow progress in low-SDI countries. Interpretation: Although major gaps remain across levels of social and economic development, convergence in the young group is an encouraging sign of reduced disparities in health-care access and quality. However, divergence in the working and post-working groups indicates that health-care access and quality is lagging at lower levels of social and economic development. To meet the needs of ageing populations, health systems need to improve health-care access and quality for working-age adults and older populations while continuing to realise gains among the young. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Gates Ventures, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Institute for Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico; National Research Council of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States; The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Center for Policy, Population & Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Health Policy and Population Research Center (CIPPS), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Computing Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Virtual School of Medical Education & Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy, Quaid i Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq; Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Multidisciplinary Department, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hospital Management Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong; Public Heath Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Universal Health Coverage Health System Strengthening Cluster, WHO Country Office São Tomé and Príencipe, São Tomé, Sao Tome and Principe; Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; School of Indigenous Studies, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health Economics, Centre for Health Policy Advocacy Innovation & Research in Africa (CHPAIR-Africa), Accra, Ghana; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Microbiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of the Gambia, Brikama, Gambia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, India; Department of Health, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy; Department of General Surgery and Medical- Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon; Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Montfermeil (Montfermeil Hospital Center), Montfermeil, France; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS), Roma, Italy; Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Roma, Italy; Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Public Health and Administration, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Directive Board, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal; Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Center of Excellence for Population Ageing Research (CEPAR), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Human Centred Computing, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Health Policy Research, Gurugram, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Department, Kathmandu, Nepal; Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Centre for Applied Health Economics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Institute of Public Health, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Health and Public Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (IAHS), University of Aberdeen, Coleraine, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India; School of Psychology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Research Group for Social Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes, and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD, Australia; Research Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Santa Clara, CA, United States; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom; Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University College London, London, United Kingdom; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health System and Population Studies Divisions, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Burn Research Center, Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia; Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Center for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Non-communicable Disease Department, National Health Mission, Lucknow, India; Department of Medicine, Mahavir Sikshan Sansthan, Kanpur, India; Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan; Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland; Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York City, NY, United States; Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Surface Engineering, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine; Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Healthcare Services Management, School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Russian Institute for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom; Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea; Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Community-based Services Development, Mental Health for Ukraine Project, Lviv, Ukraine; Laboratory of Social Psychology, Institute of Social and Political Psychology, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of General Practice - Family Medicine, Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India; Mass Communication Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Auxologico, Milan, Italy; Joint Learning Network for Universal Coverage, Arlington, VA, United States; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil; Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Epidemiology Department, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Research and Development Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil; Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Department of Education for Clinical Research, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Palpa, Nepal; Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Community Prevention and Care Services, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria; Mass Communication Department, Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany; Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cardiology Department, MercyOne North Iowa Medical Center, Mason City, IA, United States; Department of Geography, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Department of Geography, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, India; Medical College, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh; HIV and Mental Health Department, Integrated Development Foundation Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Fundación Valle Del Lili (Clinical Research Center, Valle Del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia; PROESA, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia; Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea; Pure Earth, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, India; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, University of l'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; International Center of Medical Sciences and Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; Karachi, Pakistan; Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to Be University, Karad, India; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Oral Health, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Cochrane Iran Associate Centre, National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Modestum, Eastbourne, United Kingdom; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Informatics Department, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare Research Center, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Information Technologies and Management, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Centre for Health Policy Research, Torrens University - Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of International Development and Global Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Center for Population Health Research, KHANA, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Business & Economics, University Putra Maylisia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation; MentalHealthPH, Quezon City, Philippines
