Sri Sumartiningsih, Setya Rahayu, Eko Handoyo, Jung-Charng Lin, Chin Leong Lim, Michal Starczewski, Philip X. Fuchs, Chia-Hua Kuo
Lactate is a metabolite produced during anaerobic glycolysis for ATP resynthesis, which accumulates during hypoxia and muscle contraction. Tobacco smoking significantly increases blood lactate. Here we conducted a counter-balanced crossover study to examine whether this effect is associated with inhaling nicotine or burned carbon particles. Fifteen male smokers (aged 23 to 26 years) were randomized into 3 inhalation conditions: tobacco smoking, nicotine vaping, and nicotine-free vaping, conducted two days apart. An electronic thermal evaporator (e-cigarette) was used for vaping. We have observed an increased blood lactate (+62%, main effect: p < 0.01) and a decreased blood glucose (−12%, main effect: p < 0.05) during thermal air inhalations regardless of the content delivered. Exercise-induced lactate accumulation and shuttle run performance were similar for the 3 inhalation conditions. Tobacco smoking slightly increased the resting heart rate above the two vaping conditions (p < 0.05), implicating the role of burned carbon particles on sympathetic stimulation, independent of nicotine and thermal air. The exercise response in the heart rate was similar for the 3 conditions. The results of the study suggest that acute hypoxia was induced by breathing thermal air. This may explain the reciprocal increases in lactate and decreases in glucose. The impaired lung function in oxygen delivery of tobacco smoking is unrelated to nicotine. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Department of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Gedung F1 Kampus Sekaran-Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia; Graduate School of Physical Education, Postgraduate Universitas Negeri Semarang, Gedung A Kampus Pascasarjana Jl. Kelud Utara III, Semarang, 50237, Indonesia; Department of Political and Citizenship, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Gedung C Kampus Sekaran-Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia; Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 111, Taiwan; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Faculty of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, 00-809, Poland; Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan; Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, College of Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei, 111, Taiwan
