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Heydarpour, Hung Chak Ho, Michael K Hole, Ramesh Holla, Praveen Hoogar, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsairi, Tanvir M Huda, Ayesha Humayun, Rabia Hussain, Bing-Fang Hwang, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Nirun Intarut, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, M Mofizul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Rebecca Q Ivers, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Tahereh Javaheri, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Jost B Jonas, Kelly M Jones, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Petur B Juliusson, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Naser Kamyari, Tanuj Kanchan, Andr Karch, Salah Eddin Karimi, Supreet Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Nauman Khalid, Mohammad Khammarnia, Maseer Khan, Md 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Background: Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10–24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10–24 years by age group (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10–24 years with that in children aged 0–9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10–24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings: In 2019 there were 1·49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·39–1·59) worldwide in people aged 10–24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32·7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32·1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27·0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8·2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30·0% in females and 15·3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10–14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15–19 years was 1·3% in males and 1·6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1–4 years (2·4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1–4 years (2·5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0–24 years that occurred in people aged 10–24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9·5% to 21·6%. Interpretation: Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10–24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Ucl Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Population Health Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Clinical Sciences, United Arab Emirates, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, United Arab Emirates;, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Th Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; College of Medicine, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Economics and Rural Development Department, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan; Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Rochester, MN, United States; John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Clinical Epidemiology Center, St Louis, MO, United States; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Injbara, Ethiopia; Faculty of Health Sciences - Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Information Systems, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Social Statistics and Population Census, Italian National Institute of Statistics, Rome, Italy; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Physiotherapy Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Madrid, Spain; Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Manila, Philippines; College of Medicine, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Urology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Education, And Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran; Medical Students Research Committee, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Neurology Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; DST/NRF South African Research Department in Industrial Development, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Manipal, India; Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurosciences, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College Business School, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Who Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, Dr D y Patil University, Mumbai, India; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; School of Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic; United Arab Emirates University, Institute of Public Health, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy (Prof N Bhardwaj MD), Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine (P Bhardwaj MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Jodhpur, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Planning, Amhara Public Health Institute, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Justice Health Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States; Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Ohio State University, James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, Neuroscience Unit, Panama City, Panama; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Department of Community Medicine, Bangalore, India; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Medicine, University of Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Department of Mental Health, Healthcare Agency Friuli Occidentale, Pordenone, Italy; Institute of Health Carlos Iii, National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Zhunan Township, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Thiruvananthapuram, India; Research Department, Dr D y Patil University, Pune, India; Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; James P Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Otolaryngology (M T Chung MD), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Health Data Research Uk, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Irccs Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; National Centre for Aids and Std Control, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (Prof D Diaz PhD), Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, n Rosales, Culiac, Mexico; Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department (Prof M El Tantawi PhD), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, S o Crist v o, Brazil; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Research Center of Neurology, Third Department of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Nursing, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; School of Health Sciences, At Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Ka Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Wardha, India; International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Australia India Institute New Generation Network, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Uwa Public Policy Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Exercise and Health Sciences (P N Gona PhD), University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Hudson College of Public Health, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China; Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Department of Preventive Cardiology, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran; Obesity Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran; Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nyu Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; College of Law and Political Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Research Unit, University of Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Maternal and Child Health Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico Ii, Naples, Italy; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India; Department of Health Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand; College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan; Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Research Division, George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Department of Health Register Research and Development, National Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Distance and ELearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinical Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Big Data Department, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, South Korea; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Cibersam, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States; Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Uo Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilit, Milan, Italy; Public Health and Disability Unit, Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy; Center for Youth Substance Abuse Research (J Leung PhD), University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Department of Prevention, Usl Tuscany Center, Firenze, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NutriCARD), Jena, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of General Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, Innovation and Product Development Unit, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Department of Economics, Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Federal Institute of Education, Campus Caucaia, Science and Technology of Cear, Caucaia, Brazil; Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, Department of Neurology, New Delhi, India; Nutrition Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases and Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Global Institute of Public Health, Trivandrum, India; Women's Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Forestry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj City, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Food Science, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil; Federal Institute for Population Research, Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of German National Cohort, Wiesbaden, Germany; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé i, Yaound, Cameroon; Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé i, Yaound, Cameroon; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Sociology and Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Madrid, Spain; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Department of Project Management, Moscow, Russian Federation; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mysore, India; Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Community Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, NSW, Australia; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas (Clinical Research Center), Fundación Valle Del Lili (Valle Del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia; Centro Proesa (PROESA Center), Cali, Colombia; Ctro. de Invest. en Anomalias Congenitas y Enferm. Raras (Ctr. for Res. in Congenital Anomalies and Rare Dis.), Universidad Icesi (ICESI University), Cali, Colombia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Solan, India; School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Research Department, Kathmandu, Nepal; Global Center for Research and Development, Health and Public Policy Department, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Cq University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Network of Immunity in Infection, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberl ndia, Brazil; African Genome Center, Mohammed Vi Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco; Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia; National Institute for Medical Research, Department of Health Statistics, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Psg Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Department of Community Medicine, Coimbatore, India; PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Oral Diagnosis, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Charit University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Blde University, Vijayapur, India; Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian polis, Brazil; Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy; Wsb University in Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Medicine Service, Us Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Program Services Unit, Pathfinder International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Department No16, Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Bone and Joint Research (IBJR), University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaound, Cameroon; Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Demography and Population Studies Department, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Pediatric Services, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan; Pediatrics,University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Carlos Iii Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Ka Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeir o Preto, Brazil; Modestum Ltd, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;, Singapore; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine Metabolic Diseases and Agin, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Ukk Institute, Tampere, Finland; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan; Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, & Integrated Initiative for Global Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, IL, United States; Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutics, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
