Alyssa N. Sbarra, Sam Rolfe, Jason Q. Nguyen, Lucas Earl, Natalie C. Galles, Ashley Marks, Kaja M. Abbas, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Mohammad Abdollahi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Abiy, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R. M. Abrigo, Abdelrahman I. Abushouk, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Maryam Adabi, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Davoud Adham, Mohsen Afarideh, Mohammad Aghaali, Tauseef Ahmad, Raman Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M. Alanzi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Birhan Tamene Alemnew, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Muhammad Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Cyrus Alinia, Reza Alipoor, Vahid Alipour, Hesam Alizade, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Bekalu Amare, Saeed Amini, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Fatemeh Amiri, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Dickson A. Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Krishna K. Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Samaneh Asgari, Zahra Atafar, Marcel Ausloos, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Abbas Azadmehr, Samad Azari, Ebrahim Babaee, Alaa Badawi, Ashish D. Badiye, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Atif Amin Baig, Ahad Bakhtiari, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Palash Chandra Banik, Aleksandra Barac, Zahra Baradaran-Seyed, Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki, Sanjay Basu, Mohsen Bayati, Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou, Neeraj Bedi, Masoud Behzadifar, Michelle L. Bell, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Suraj Bhattarai, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Minyichil Birhanu, Donal Bisanzio, Atanu Biswas, Somayeh Bohlouli, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Shiva Borzouei, Oliver J. Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A. Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia, Franz Castro, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Mohammad Chehrazi, Ken Lee Chin, Dinh-Toi Chu, Aubrey J. Cook, Natalie Maria Cormier, Brandon Cunningham, Saad M. A. Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, M. Carolina Danovaro, Emily Dansereau, Farah Daoud, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Amira Hamed Darwish, Jai K. Das, Nicole Davis Weaver, Jan-Walter De Neve, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Assefa Desalew, Aniruddha Deshpande, Desilu Mahari Desta, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Shirin Djalalinia, Hoa Thi Do, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Kerrie E. Doyle, Susanna J. Dunachie, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo, Hisham Atan Edinur, Andem Effiong, Aziz Eftekhari, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Teshome Bekele Elema, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Aisha Elsharkawy, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Shymaa Enany, Babak Eshrati, Khalil Eskandari, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Alireza Esteghamati, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Mohammad Farahmand, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Andrea Farioli, Farshad Farzadfar, Nazir Fattahi, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A. Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Mohamed M. Gad, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot, Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Assefa Ayalew Gebreslassie, Getnet Azeze Gedefaw, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Reza Ghaffari, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Mahsa Ghajarzadeh, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Hesam Ghiasvand, Asadollah Gholamian, Syed Amir Gilani, Paramjit Singh Gill, Alem Girmay, Nelson G. M. Gomes, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Yuming Guo, Rahul Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Asif Hanif, Hamidreza Haririan, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Md Mehedi Hasan, Edris Hasanpoor, Amir Hasanzadeh, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Nathaniel J. Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Gillian I. Hollerich, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, Naznin Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Guoqing Hu, Tanvir M. Huda, Ayesha Humayun, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Gloria Ikilezi, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, M. Mofizul Islam, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Chidozie C. D. Iwu, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Morteza Jafarinia, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Farzad Jalilian, Javad Javidnia, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Oommen John, Kimberly B. Johnson, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Zubair Kabir, Ali Kabir, Hamed Kalani, Leila R. Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Zul Kamal, Tanuj Kanchan, Neeti Kapoor, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Salah Eddin Karimi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Mohammad Khammarnia, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M. Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mojtaba Khazaei, Salman Khazaei, Ardeshir Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Neda Kianipour, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Damaris K. Kinyoki, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Tufa Kolola, Hamidreza Komaki, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, G. Anil Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Sheetal D. Lad, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Felix Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Van Charles Lansingh, Heidi Jane Larson, Savita Lasrado, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Paul H. Lee, Kate E. LeGrand, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Shanshan Li, Xiaofeng Liang, Patrick Y. Liu, Platon D. Lopukhov, Daiane Borges Machado, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi, Mina Maheri, Narayan B. Mahotra, Venkatesh Maled, Shokofeh Maleki, Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Morteza Mansourian, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anthony Masaka, Benjamin K. Mayala, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Fereshteh Mehri, Kala M. Mehta, Peter T. N. Memiah, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Meresa Berwo Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Tomislav Mestrovic, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Edward J. Mills, George J. Milne, Parvaneh Mirabi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Roya Mirzaei, Maryam Mirzaei, Hamid Reza Mirzaei, Hamed Mirzaei, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Babak Moazen, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Efat Mohamadi, Dara K. Mohammad, Yousef Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Shafiu Mohammed, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Hussen Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H. Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Amin Moosavi, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ghobad Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Sandra B. Munro, Christopher J. L. Murray, G.V.S. Murthy, Saravanan Muthupandian, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Mohsen Naghavi, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Vinod C. Nayak, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Ionut Negoi, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Chuc T. K. Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Shekoufeh Nikfar, Amin Reza Nikpoor, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, In-Hwan Oh, Morteza Oladnabi, Andrew T. Olagunju, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Muktar Omer Omer, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Aaron E. Osgood-Zimmerman, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Victoria Pando-Robles, Tahereh Pashaei, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Angel J. Paternina-Caicedo, George C. Patton, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Julia Moreira Pescarini, David M. Pigott, Thomas Pilgrim, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Mario Poljak, Maarten J. Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Farshad Pourmalek, Reza Pourmirza Kalhori, Sergio I. Prada, Sanjay Prakash, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Hedley Quintana, Navid Rabiee, Mohammad Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Fatemeh Rajati, Muhammed Ahmed Rameto, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J. Rao, Davide Rasella, Prateek Rastogi, Priya Rathi, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Reza Rawassizadeh, Ramu Rawat, Vishnu Renjith, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Melese Abate Reta, Nima Rezaei, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Aziz Rezapour, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Maria Rios-Blancas, Carlos Miguel Rios-González, Leonardo Roever, Morteza Rostamian, Salvatore Rubino, Godfrey M. Rwegerera, Anas M. Saad, Seyedmohammad Saadatagah, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Shahram Saeidi, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Hosni Salem, Marwa Rashad Salem, Joshua A. Salomon, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Evanson Zondani Sambala, Abdallah M. Samy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Satish Saroshe, Benn Sartorius, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Lauren E. Schaeffer, David C. Schwebel, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Hosein Shabaninejad, Saeed Shahabi, Amira A. Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S. Shalash, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Kiomars Sharafi, Hamid Sharifi, Aziz Sheikh, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Ranjitha S. Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Reza Shirkoohi, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Jonathan I. S. Silverberg, Biagio Simonetti, Jasvinder A. Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Abiy H. Sinke, Amin Soheili, Anton Sokhan, Shahin Soltani, Moslem Soofi, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Adel Spotin, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Amir Taherkhani, Leili Tapak, Nuno Taveira, Parvaneh Taymoori, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot, Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Belay Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Roman Topor-Madry, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Riaz Uddin, Irfan Ullah, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Maryam Vaezi, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R. Valdez, Yasser Vasseghian, Yousef Veisani, Francesco S. Violante, Sebastian Vollmer, Yasir Waheed, Jon Wakefield, Yafeng Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Taweewat Wiangkham, Kirsten E. Wiens, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Gebremariam Woldu, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Ai-Min Wu, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, Yigizie Yeshaw, Christopher Sabo Yilgwan, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z. Younis, Zabihollah Yousefi, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Siddhesh Zadey, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Leila Zaki, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Maryam Zamanian, Hamed Zandian, Alireza Zangeneh, Fatemeh Zarei, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Xiu-Ju George Zhao, Maigeng Zhou, Arash Ziapour, Simon I. Hay, Stephen S. Lim, Jonathan F. Mosser
The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children. © 2020, The Author(s).
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research and Operations, Foundation for Scientific Research (FORS), Cotonou, Benin; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Population Health Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, , Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Australian Center for Precision Health, , University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun, Razak, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Parasitology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Department of Healthcare Management and Education, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Unit of Biochemistry, Sultan Zainal Abidin University (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Health Policy, Management, and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Monitoring, Evaluation and Research Department, JSI Research & Training Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Global Health Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan; Department of Endocrinology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland; Global Delivery Programs, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities Hospitals, Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia; Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Pharmaceutics Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Unit of Medical Physiology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; School of Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Menelik-II College of Medical and Health Sciences, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Education Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabiz, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran; Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China; Medical Resources, March of Dimes, Arlington, VA, United States; Health Policy, Management and Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Department of Healthcare Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India; College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; N. A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Renal and Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Upper Dir, Pakistan; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Deputy for Public Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Oswald Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil; Centre for Global Mental Health (CGMH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Department of Clinical Physiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Forensic Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Dharwad, India; Department of Forensic Medicine, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, India; Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India; Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Faculty of Health and Education, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; ICF International, DHS Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India; Nutrition Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Comprehensive Research Laboratory, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Water Quality Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Medical Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Forestry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; National Center for Health Insurance Research, Iran Health Insurance Organization, Tehran, Iran; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Food Science, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, India; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Institute for Mental Health and Policy, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Infectious Disease Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; School of Medicine, University of Sinu, Cartagena, Colombia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Department of Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Emergency Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Clinical Research Center, Valle del Lili Foundation (Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Fundación Valle del Lili), Cali, Colombia; PROESA, ICESI University (Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI), Cali, Colombia; Department of Neurology, Smt. B.K.S. Medical Institute and Research Center, Vadodara, India; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Muharraq Governorate, Bahrain; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USAERN), Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Epidemiology Research Unit Institute of Public Health (EPIUnit-ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Research Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Caaguazu, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay; Department of Research and Publications, National Institute of Health, Asunción, Paraguay; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Urology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India; PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India; Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogota, Colombia; National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore, India; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden; HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Health Information Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Dermatology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy; WSB University in Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Medicine Service, USA Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Program Services Unit, Pathfinder International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, India; National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; University Institute ‘Egas Moniz’, Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Public Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Modestum, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; School of Nursing, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Pediatrics Department, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Public Health Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China; School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
