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Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of death worldwide, with dietary risks being its most significant modifiable factor. Here, using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2023, we estimated the mortality and disability-adjusted life years from diet-related IHD across 204 countries. In 2023, a suboptimal diet was responsible for 4.06 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 0.74–6.22) IHD deaths and 96.84 million (18.82–142.52) IHD disability-adjusted life years. The global age-standardized death rate of IHD attributable to suboptimal diet decreased by 43.92% (95% UI 34.44–53.23) per 100,000 population from 1990 to 2023. Among dietary factors, low intake of nuts and seeds (9.87, 95% UI 2.84–17.12 deaths per 100,000 population), low whole grains (9.22, 4.73–13.67), low fruits (7.25, 1.54–13.34) and high sodium (7.15, 0.92–17.97) were primary contributors to IHD deaths. The burden was particularly pronounced in low- and middle-sociodemographic index countries. By disentangling dietary risk factors, we identified the portion of IHD burden directly modifiable through food interventions. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. 2026.
Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia; Department of Legal and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong; Clinical Research Development Unit of Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada; Institute of Health, Jimma University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia; The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Health, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Population Data Science, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Academic Health System, Clinical Trials Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Genomics and Precision Medicine Program, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal; Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal; Apollo Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India; Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physiology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Pan-African One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia; Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman; Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen; Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; Heart Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IRCCS “Ca’ Granda Maggiore Policlinico” Hospital Foundation), Milan, Italy; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Liver, Digestive, and Lifestyle Health Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana’a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Community Medicine, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Higher Collage of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Uganda, Masaka, Uganda; Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; College Of Medical Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana’a, Yemen; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Oral Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Public Health Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan; Deakin Health Economics/School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Rajaie Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Psychological Science, ACAP University College, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Health Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Miami Cardiovascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Inc, Miami, FL, United States; Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Physiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India; Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biostatistics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, United States; Clinical Research Center, Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing, China; International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia; Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, Nagpur, India; Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan; Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Heart and Vascular Center, Essentia Health, Duluth, MN, United States; Institute of Marketing and Communication Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India; Community Health Department, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States; Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Physical Education and Health, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department Of Pathology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Chittoor, India; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; CEVAXIN, Panama City, Panama; Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania; Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, Romagna Local Health Authority, Forlì-Cesena, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Public Health Department, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy; Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Integrated Operative Unit of Clinical Pathology, Sant’Antonio Abate Hospital, Erice, Italy; Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory Department, Regional Health Authority, Sicilian Region, Palermo, Italy; State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India; Cardio-Oncology Research Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Canterbury, United Kingdom; School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong; Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Biology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia; Department of Neurology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Concord Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Cancer Big Data Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Department of Health, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, WA, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India; Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania; Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Center, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; Dirección de Nutrición, Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia; Department of Social Sciences, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia; Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India; JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Faculty of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, United States; Department of Cardiology, Hackettstown Medical Center, Hackettstown, NJ, United States; Newton Medical Center, Sparta, NJ, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health), Salvador, Brazil; Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom; Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta City, Egypt; School of Public Health, Texila American University, Guyana, Guyana; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Non-Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy; Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Cardiology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Life Science and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Environmental Statistics Unit, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal; Ecological Economics and Environmental Management, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Cardiovascular Health and Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) (National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Research), Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Clinical Science Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Emilia-Romagna Region - Innovation in Healthcare and Social Services Department, Bologna, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy; Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania; Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Human Nutrition Laboratory, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico; Department of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Occident, Culiacán, Mexico; Centre for Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, India; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical Directorate, Local Health Authority of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Clinical Science, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Preventive Cardiology & Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; International Programs, Population Council, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Climate Change and Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (Perron Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Stroke Research Centre, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States; Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mental Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Community Medicine, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria; Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmö, Sweden; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research & Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Neurosurgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; School of Allied Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Departamento de Salud Oral (Department of Oral Health), Universidad Autónoma de Manizales (Autonomous University of Manizales), Manizales, Colombia; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Interventional Cardiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Terengganu, Malaysia; Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Laboratory of Nutrition and Social Science, Center for Nutritional Epidemiology and Policy Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Settsu, Japan; Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh (Muhammadiyah University of Aceh), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia; School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health And Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public and Community Health, Frontier University Garowe, Puntland, Somalia; Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; The Medical City for Military and Security Services School, The Medical City for Military and Security Services School, Oman, Muscat, Oman; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Hospital Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Public Health, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Life Science, Parul University, Vadodara, India; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Department, TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal, Karnal, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Department of Public Health, South Wales University, Treforest, United Kingdom; Osun State Hospital Management Board, Osogbo, Nigeria; Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; 2nd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Research center for Neuromodulation and Pain, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia; Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Human Nutrition of INRAE, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Bobigny, France; Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Physical Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; BDStatistics Center for Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom; Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Health, Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal; Department of Preventable Non Communicable Disease, Menzies School of Health Research, Alice Springs, NT, Australia; School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University Of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Health and Healing Research, Education, and Service, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medical Education and Informatics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Food Science and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India; Public Health Department, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (Satya Wacana Christian University), Salatiga, Indonesia; School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India; School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Applied Data Analytics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary; Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; International Society of Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy; International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Norrtälje Hospital (Tiohundra), Norrtälje, Sweden; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany; School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Department of Clinical Data Science and Evidence, Novo Nordisk, Plainsboro, NJ, United States; Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South of Sinai, Egypt; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; The Orthopaedic Department, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute (DDRI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Internal Medicine Department, Eisenhower Health, Palm Desert, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Biomedical Engineering Research Center (CREB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Automatic Control Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, King Salman International University, Ras Sudr, Egypt; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Department of Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Medical Clinic V, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital in Udaipur India, Udaipur, India; Department of General Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, India; Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Preventive Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Clinical Research Development Center, Amir Oncology Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali Punjab, India; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Hoch St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Pathology - Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, United States; Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Foundation for Liver Research, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom; Global Surgical Initiative, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Alkhima, United Arab Emirates; Nursing College, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Skull Base Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shahid Rajai Centre for Educational Research and Clinical Cardiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Department of Community and Global Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Paediatrics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Elderly Health Research Center, Research and Academic Institution, Tehran, Iran; Department of Computer Science and IT, Torrens University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, United States; DY Patil School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Navi Mumbai, India; Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Vermont, South Burlington, VT, United States; Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen, China; Department of Health Promotion, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, United States; Center for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang (State University of Semarang), Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Public Health, UNICAF, Larnaca, Cyprus; International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Japan; Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; The Cardiac Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Center for Health System and Strategy, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia; Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LL-DIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia; Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Physiology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Medical Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Associação Brasileira de Cefaleia em Salvas e Enxaqueca (ABRACES), São Paulo, Brazil; Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India; School of Sciences, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Greater Noida, India; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India; Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States; Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Facultad de Medicina (Faculty of Medicine), Universidad Diego Portales (Diego Portales University), Santiago, Chile; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation; College of Health Sciences (CHS), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India; Department of Medical and Surgical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India; Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Akron, OH, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, VIC, Australia; Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center (CEReSS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Govt. Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; School of Nursing & Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Independent Consultant, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College and Hospital, Dhanbad, India; Department of Research, Eastern Scientific LLC, Richmond, KY, United States; Planetary Health Research Centre (PHRC), Kathmandu, Nepal; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Defence in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States; Baylor University, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Nursing in Women’s Health, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Vaccination Research Observatory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Research, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India; Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Miyan Research Institute, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Cardiology, SS. Annunziata Hospital - ASL2 Abruzzo, Chieti, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Pharmaceuticals, Bihar College of Pharmacy, Patna, India; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland; Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR) Islamabad, Near East University, Cyprus, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; College of Pharmacy, Al-Hadba University, Mosul, Iraq; Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan; Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; College of Nursing, Qatar University, Lusail, Qatar; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Benang Merah Research Center, Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Research Development Coordination Section, Pakistan Health Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan; School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Food Processing Technology, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, India; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, India; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia; Faculty of Business and Computing, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; Graduate School of Business, ESAN University, Lima, Peru; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinic for Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Digital Dentistry, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; 4th Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India; Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; State Key Laboratories of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Department of Rehabilitation Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Neuro-Physiotherapy, Independent Consultant, Thane, India; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Science Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Safety Services, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, United States; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria; Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Technology Advisory Group, International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, Netherlands; Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal; Department of Person-Centered Research, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Kenneth H. Cooper Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Anthropological Survey of India, Mysore, India; Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; RISE Health, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sceinces, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management-Kundli (NIFTEM-K), Sonipat, India; Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India; School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, United States; Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India; Division of Hematology - Oncology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; 3rd Department of Cardiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Research Department, Nepal Development Society, Kathmandu, Nepal; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Institute of Integrated Intelligence and Systems, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Public Health, Asian College for Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal; Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia; School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Taking Our Best Shot, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India; Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France; Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Movement Sciences and Sports Training, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Health, Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States; Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Department of Occupational Health and Safety, University of Development, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant, Northwell Health/North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, United States; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Széchenyi István University, Gyor, Hungary; College of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang City, China; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; School of Nursing Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Faculty of Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China; Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Family Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Family Medicine Department, St. Peter’s Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Greenville, TX, United States; Sant’Elia Hospital, University of Catania, Caltanissetta, Italy; Department of Clinical Practice, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Animal Resources, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; 1st Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
