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Kazeem Olanrewaju Olanrewaju Amoo, Dickson A Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Etsay Woldu Anbesu, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, Song Peng Ang, Yonas Angaw, Abhishek Anil, AH Sruthi Anil Kumar, Kabilan Annadurai, Abebe Alemu Anshebo, Sebastien Antoni, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Saeid Anvari, Sadaf Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Walter Appati, Amjad Islam Aqib, Melika Arab Bafrani Arab Bafrani, Hossein Arabi, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Abdulfatai Aremu, Jesu Arockiaraj, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A Artamonov, Santhosh Arul, Nurila Aryntayeva, Nabiy Arystan, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Evans Atiah Asamane, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Shewatatek Melaku Asefa, Mulusew Andualem A Asemahagn, Muhammad Sohaib Asghar, Girma Ashenafi Ashenafi, Mohammad Ashfaque, Saad Ashraf, Tahira Ashraf, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asiamah-Asare, Olamide Asifat, Moses Asiimwe, Muhammad Shahzad Aslam, Yuni Asri, Anil Raj Assariparambil, Batyrbek Assembekov, Omer Atac, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Samuel Babajide Atoyebi, Alok Atreya, Abadi Hailay Atsbaha, Zeenah A Atwan, Matteo Augello, Avinash Aujayeb, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Sana Javaid Awan, Usman Ayub Awan, Kemal Lemnuro Lemnuro Awol, Babafela B Awosile, Fekadu Belay Belay Ayalew, Seyyed HamidReza Ayatizadeh, Ahmad Ayed, Habtamu Molla Ayele, Berrak Itir Ayli, Aneesa Ayoob, Damilola Jeremiah Ayowole, A.K.M. Azad, Arian Azadnia, Ayman Azhary, Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Ahmed Y Azzam, Domenico Azzolino, H Baba B Ali, Djibril M Ba, Prasad Hanmantrao Babar, Israel Tadesse Bacha, Syed Babar Jamal Bacha, Tomasz Bączek, Muhammad Badar, Alaa Aboelnour Badran, Riadh Badraoui, Arvind Bagga, Khlood K Baghlaf, Hediyeh Baghsheikhi, Mirza Mohammad Ali Baig, Mohammad Hassan Baig, Alpha Umaru Bai-Sesay, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Marina Balabekova, Raju Balaji, Pachamuthu Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Mohammadreza Balooch Hasankhani, Evangelos Alkiviadis Baltzoglou, Samuel Alemu Bamboro, Kedir Geda Geda Bamedo, Altaf Bandy, Biswajit Banik, Palash Chandra Chandra Banik, Aleksandra Barac, Sanaa Bardaweel, Dennis Bardoe, Md Abul Barkat, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Md Abu Bashar, Zarrin Basharat, Muhammad Irfan Bashir, Shahid Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Mohsen Basiri, Buddha Basnyat, Rehana Basri, Quique Bassat, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Armel Landry Batchi-Bouyou, Abdul-Monim Batiha, Kavita Batra, Ravi Batra, Abdulrahman S Bazaid, Neeraj Bedi, Narasimha M Beeraka, Surama Manjari Behera, Payam Behzadi, Maryam Beiranvand, Marzia Bejo Torchio, Sewunet Admasu Belachew, Almaz Nibret Belay, Asnake Gashaw Belayneh, Melesse Belayneh, Samir Bele, Nahom Girma Belete, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Apostolos Beloukas, Samiun Nazrin Bente Kamal Tune, Kenechukwu C Ben-Umeh, Abiye Assefa Berihun, Paulo J G Bettencourt, Anmut Endalkachew Bezie, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Sonu Bhaskar, Arushee Bhatnagar, Shuvarthi Bhattacharjee, Sudip Bhattacharya, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Md Mehedi Hasan Bhuiyan, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sibhatu Kassa Biadgilign, Eshetie Melese Birru, Bijit Biswas, Mohammad Shahangir Biswas, Monirujjaman Biswas, Molalegne Bitew, Trupti Bodhare, Asaye Mitiku Bogale, Eyob Ketema Bogale, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Archith Boloor, Paria Bolourinejad, Anindya S Bose, Samuel Adolf Bosoka, Alejandro Botero 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Omid Dadras, Hana Mahdi Dahir, Lenards Obeng Damoah, Yohannes Tefera Damtew, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Danyal Daneshdoust, Roy Arokiam Daniel, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Samuel E Danso, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Latefa Ali Dardas, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Marina De Rui, Rodrigo DeAntonio, Sindhura Deekonda, Marco Del Riccio, Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Tadios Niguss Derese, Emina Dervišević, Muamer Dervišević, Girmay Desalegn, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Pradeep Kumar Devarakonda, Devananda Devegowda, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Janak Dhakal, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Redolen Rose Rose Dhar, Pandji Wibawa Wibawa Dhewantara, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Shalik Ram Dhital, Bibha Dhungel, Stefano Di Bella, Giuseppe Di Martino, Marcello Di Pumpo, Kimia Didehvar, Elmes Saoussene Dif, Guodong Ding, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Hoa Thi Do, Mai Ngoc Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Sushil Dohare, Klara Georgieva Dokova, Christiane Dolecek, Mireille Sylviane Dongmo Nguepi, David Mawutor Donkor, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Robert Kokou Dowou, Eleonora Dubljanin, Kwabena Obeng Duedu, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Ashit Kumar Dutta, Siddhartha Dutta, Basil Barth Duwa, Bismark Dwumfour-Asare, Osamudiamen Ebohon, Lamiaa Labieb Mahmoud Ebraheim, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Aziz Eftekharimehrabad, El-Sayed Hemdan Hemdan Eissa, Moaheda EH Eissa, Martin Herbas Ekat, Michael Ekholuenetale, Seraphine Mojoko Eko, Adebayo ‘Abdulateef Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Abdelfatteh EL Omri, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Mohamed Ahmed Eladl, Amine Elbouzidi, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed Elhoumed, Salem Elkahoui, Sherif Elkannishy, Ehab Kotb Kotb Elmahallawy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Abdallah Elssir Ahmed, Chadi Eltaha, Abdelgawad Salah Eltahawy, Reham Mokhtar ELTarabili, Mohamed El-Tholoth, Munachimso Anthony Emesobum, Simachew Getaneh Endalamew, Deborah Tolulope Esan, Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor, Babak Eshrati, Majid Eslami, Collins Nduka Esomchi, Werku Etafa, Peter Maduabuchi Eze, Obidimma Ezezika, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Ebenezer Gezahegn Fanta, Niloofar Faraji, Seyed Nooreddin Faraji, Abdullah Farasani, Mohammad Fareed, Aisha Farhana, Shaista Farooq, Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Nebiyou Fasil, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Modupe Margaret Fasina, Munazza Fatima, Zareen Fatima, Bahgat Fayed, Nicholas A Feasey, Gelana Fekadu, Ginenus Fekadu, Ulrich Membe Femoe, Maria Pia Ferraz, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Kebede Feyisa, Safia Firdous, Federica Fogacci, Marco Fonzo, Celia Fortuna Rodrigues, Oluwaseun Daniel Fowotade, Takeshi Fukumoto, Adam Fusheini, Blima Fux, Sridevi G, Abdelrahman Gamil Gad, Muktar A Gadanya, Santosh Gaihre, Márió Gajdács, Yaseen Galali, Pauliana Valéria Machado Galvão, Balasankar Ganesan, Balasubramanian Ganesh, Ezhilkugan Ganessane, Shivaprakash Gangachannaiah, Bashiru Garba, David Garcia-Azorin, William M Gardner, Jacopo Garlasco, Rupesh K Gautam, Hong-Han Ge, Dr Yemane Gebremariam Gebre, Feven Sahle Gebre, Tsion S Gebre, Haftay Gebremedhin, Beza A Gelaw, Getahun Belay Gella, Nsikakabasi Samuel George, Mebin George Mathew, Kalab Yigermal Gete, Kazem Ghaffari, Manal Hadi Ghaffoori Kanaan, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, Arin Ghamkhar, Ali Ghandili, Lobna Gharaibeh, Amany Abdelkader Ghazy Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sama Ghoba, Ahmed Hamdy Ghonaim, Artyom Urievich Gil, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Syed Amir Gilani, Bikash Ranjan Giri, Alem Abera Girmay, Alessandro Girombelli, Laszlo Göbölös, Amit Goel, Gamze Gökulu, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Melika Golmohammadi, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Ayman Grada, Changhao Gu, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Sheffali Gulati, Kabiru Abubakar Gulma, Bashar Haruna Gulumbe, Bhuvaneshwari Gunasekar, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Zheng Guo, Anil Kumar Kumar Gupta, Anish Kumar Gupta, Himanshu Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Swati Gupta, Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo, Jose Guzman-Esquivel, Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz, Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes, Najah R Hadi, Nguyen Hai Nam, Addisalem Haile, Aklilu Habte Habte Hailegebireal, Kirubel Tesfaye Hailu, Nooh Mohamed Hajhamed, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Esam S Halboub, Abdulsalam M Halboup, Pritam Halder, Hassen Mosa Halil, Sobia Ahsan Halim, Souheil Hallit, Salih Ahmed Hama, Kosar Hikmat Hama Aziz, Raz Mohammed Hama Salih, Islam M Hamad, Mohamed Hamad, Fatimah Othman Hamarasoo, Nadia M Hamdy, Rania Hamdy, Mohamed Hamed, Sajid Hameed, Bara M Hammadeh, Rifat Hamoudi, Didem Han Yekdeş, Asif Hanif, Mohd Anul Haq, Ashanul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Zitta Barrella Harboe, Athraa Harjan Mohsen Al-Dahidhawi, Josep Maria Haro, Sara Harsini, Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has, Abd Alhadi Hasan, Md Kamrul Hasan, Towhid Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Abdul Haseeb, Andrea Haekyung Haselbeck, Arezou Hashem Zadeh, Mohammad Hashem Hashempur, Ammarah Hasnain, Md Saquib Hasnain, Amr Hassan, Ibrahim Nagmeldin Hassan, Ikrama Hassan, Md Imtaiyaz Hassan, Md Mehedi Hassan, Nageeb Hassan, Omed Hassan Ahmed, Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi, Ahmad Hayatu, Zaw Myo Hein, Yosra A Helmy, Abdelaziz Hendy, Helal F Hetta, Kamran Heydaryan, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Jon Gitz Gitz Holler, Alamgir Hossain, Lubna Hossain, Md Sabbir Hossain, Syed Billal Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Junjie Huang, Weijun Huang, Yuting Huang, Meseret Hulualem Hulualem, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, Salman Hussain, Ali M Hussein, Dursa Hussein, Mohammed Asif Hussein, Nawfal R Hussein, Mohamed Ibrahim Husseiny, Chul S Hyun, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Liliya Ibragimova, Khalid S Ibrahim, Rasha Ibrahim, Anel Ibrayeva, Adalia Ikiroma, Aqsa Ikram, Jibran Ikram, Kevin S Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Muhammad Hamza Ilyas, Salim Ilyasu, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mohd Imran, Korakrit Imwattana, Danish Iqbal, Bilal Irfan, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Benni Iskandar, Fahrul Islam, Md Mojahedul Islam, Md Rabiul Islam, Md Shahinul Islam, Nazim Forid Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Wan Ismahanisa Ismail, Yerlan Ismoldayev, Aloysia Ispriantari, Hiroshi Ito, Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja, Oshozimhede E Iyalomhe, Shilpa S Iyer, Oluyinka Ajibola Iyola, Jaison Jacob, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Namdeo Ramhari Jadhav, Ali Jadidi, Mohammadsadegh Jafari, Vennila Jaganathan, Haitham Jahrami, Ayushi Jain, Chakresh Kumar Jain, Swati Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Sahbanathul Missiriya Jalal, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Armaan Jamal, Arshad Jamal, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Jazlan Jamaluddin, Anju James, Jerin James, Safayet Jamil, Arup Jana, Anan S Jarab, Javad Javidnia, Talha Jawaid, Shubha Jayaram, Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe, Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe, Tadesse Hailu Jember, Jae Joon Jeon, Seogsong Jeong, Fan Jiang, Nathan T Jibat, Akash John, Nabi Jomehzadeh, Jobin Jose, Jobinse Jose, Abel Joseph, Akaninyene Paul Joseph, Alex Joseph, Nitin Joseph, DrKrupal Joshi, Mudita Joshi, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Hema Shree K, Billingsley Kaambwa, Vidya Kadashetti, Dler H Hussein Kadir, Mohammad Fahim Kadir, Adel Kadri, Jamilya Kaibullayeva, Ashish Kumar Kakkar, Md Moustafa Kamal, Mehnaz Kamal, Mohammad Azhar Kamal, Vineet Kumar Kumar Kamal, Ramat T Kamorudeen, Hesam Kamyab, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi, Samuel Berchi Kankam, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Suthanthira Kannan S, Rami S Kantar, Shalini Kapoor, Dattatreya Kar, Sonali Kar, Sunil Kumar Kar, Neila Karagezova, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, Paschalis Karakasis, Sajad Karampoor, Reema A Karasneh, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Tomasz M M Karpiński, Faizan Zaffar Kashoo, Manoj Kumar Kashyap, Tsehaynew Kasse, Muhamed Katica, Avleen Kaur, Harleen Kaur, Jasneet kaur, Mohd Adnan Kausar, Mariam Mofleh kawafha, Stella Adejoke Kayode, Merrera Silku Kebeba, Abenezer Zenebe Kebede, Fentahun Bikale Kebede, Yabets Tesfaye Kebede, John H Kempen, Yousef Saleh Khader, Sudeep Khadka, Himanshu Khajuria, Asaad Khalid, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Ibrahim Khalil, Ibrahim A Khalil, Faham Khamesipour, Abida Khan, Ahmad Khan, Ajmal Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Hafiz Nadeem Khan, Iman Waheed Khan, Iqra Hamid Khan, Mahvish khan, Maseer Khan, Mohammad Idreesh Khan, Mohd Faheem Khan, Mohd Wajid Ali Khan, Muhammad Arslan Khan, Muhammad Mueed Khan, Muhammad Umer Khan, Raees Khan, Saif khan, Serab Khan, Sumaiya Khan, Tabish H Khan, Yusuf Saleem Khan, Zahid Khan, Sameer Uttamaro Khasbage, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Afshin Khazaei, Ramiar Kamal Kheder, Khalid A Kheirallah, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Parisa Khoshvaght, Pavan Khosla, Farbod Khosravi, Azhin Mohammed Khudhur, Hye Jun Kim, Jinho Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Sanjay Kini B, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ladli Kishore, Shivakumar KM, Sonali Kochhar, Michail Kokkorakis, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Uebari Korfii, Wolyu Erkano Korma, Tapos Kormoker, Oleksii Korzh, 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Background: Enteric infectious diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are among the top ten causes of death in children younger than 5 years. Remarkable global investment has been dedicated to enteric infectious disease prevention and control; however, the shifting global health landscape is testing the continuance of progress. To evaluate the current status and guide future interventions, we present the latest epidemiological estimates of enteric infectious diseases from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 and assess progress towards the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) mortality target of fewer than 20 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years by 2025. Methods: We quantified the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of enteric infectious diseases by age, sex, and year across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. In GBD 2023, the following were considered under the category of enteric infectious diseases: diarrhoeal diseases, enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid), invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella spp (iNTS) infections, and other intestinal infectious diseases. We also examined 15 aetiologies contributing to diarrhoeal diseases. Incidence and prevalence were estimated with DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, drawing on data from systematic reviews, population-based surveys, claims data, and hospital sources. Cause-specific mortality was modelled with Cause of Death Ensemble Modelling based on data from sources including vital registration, mortality surveillance, verbal autopsy, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. Years of life lost and years lived with disability were computed and combined to derive DALYs. For aetiology-specific estimation, population-attributable fractions (PAFs) for 15 pathogens were derived with a counterfactual framework. Point estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated from 250 draws from the posterior distribution. Findings: In 2023, enteric infectious diseases resulted in an estimated 1·27 million (95% UI 0·963–1·68) deaths globally, declining from 3·69 million (3·04–4·56) in 1990. The global age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) decreased from 74·1 (62·0–92·9) per 100 000 population to 16·4 (12·6–21·3) per 100 000 population during the same period. Diarrhoeal diseases accounted for most deaths in 2023 (1·11 million [0·811–1·54]), followed by enteric fever and iNTS. South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa remained the most affected regions in 2023, with 599 000 (441 000–882 000) and 501 000 (373 000–648 000) deaths due to enteric infectious diseases, respectively, predominantly from diarrhoeal disease. Rotavirus was the leading cause of all-age diarrhoeal disease deaths (PAF 16·3% [12·0–21·5]), followed by norovirus (10·2% [2·4–17·0]) and Shigella spp (9·3% [5·4–15·2]). Among children younger than 5 years, PAFs of deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases were 40·2% (32·5–48·5) for rotavirus, 24·0% (15·1–36·7) for Shigella spp, and 23·4% (13·7–34·3) for adenovirus. Across 204 countries and territories, 141 met the GAPPD mortality target in 2023. The driving aetiologies among countries that did not meet the target in 2023 varied slightly by GBD super-region, but the highest or second-highest number of deaths in children younger than 5 years were consistently attributed to rotavirus. Astrovirus and sapovirus, newly included in GBD 2023, were responsible for 24 600 (6290–49 000) and 18 800 (4650–44 400) deaths, respectively, in 2023, mainly in children younger than 5 years. Interpretation: Our findings show that mortality and ASMRs of enteric infectious diseases declined substantially between 1990 and 2023. This decline is consistent with the expansion of public health measures and broader socioeconomic development. However, the burden in 2023 remains considerably high, with the highest mortality concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Considering that more than a quarter of all countries had yet to meet the GAPPD mortality target in 2023, sustained efforts are needed to address the persistent burden in affected countries and to adapt to the changing global health landscape. Funding: Gates Foundation. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Basic Science Department, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Internal Medicine Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Health Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Health, Jimma University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Faculity of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Tropical Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology (USTY), Sana'a, Yemen; College of Medicine and Health Science, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia; National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Medicine Department, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Biology, Salahaddin-Erbil University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Research, Toufik's World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine; School of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of General Surgery and Clinical Anatomy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Landmark General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Immunology, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinic for Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Research and Development, Healthy Africans Platform, Ibadan, Nigeria; Zoology Department, Benha University, Benha, Egypt; Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Community Health Nursing Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Al-Ahliyya Amman University (AAU), Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Rus Sudr, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Nursing, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, irbid, Jordan; Department Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Office of Vice President for Medical and Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Government of Nepal (GoN), Lalitpur, Nepal; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Kate Marimon School of Public Health, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria; NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc., Ilesa, Nigeria; Translational Research Collective, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Centre for Health Systems Support and Development, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Federal Medical Center Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, One Brooklyn Health-Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Department of Health Informatics, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria; Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India; College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesia, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Arnold School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Public Health, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; School of Arts and Social Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Bunbury, WA, Australia; School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; DHQ Hospital Jhelum, Ministry of Health & Population, Jhelum, Pakistan; Department of Pathobiology and Intergrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Division of Medical Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Rajaie Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidha, Saudi Arabia; School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Biosciences, University of Hail, Hail City, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of General Surgery, School of Surgery Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, South Korea; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Community Health Sciences, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Pan-African One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali, Rwanda; Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Health Department, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmaceuticals and Allied Health Sciences, University of Balochistan Quetta, Quetta, Pakistan; College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Assistance Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan; Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Center for International Health, Education and Biosecurity, Center for International Health Education, and Biosecurity, Abuja, Nigeria; University of Maryland, Baltimore, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Clinical Academic Department of Women's Health, University Medical Center, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Water Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran; College of Integrated Health Sciences, Health Policy, Management and Behavior, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Medecins Sans Frontieres - Holland, Omdurman, Sudan; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, United States; VentrureBlick, Singapore; Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan; Jordan, Jordan; Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman; Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Nursing, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, AlBukayriyah, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait; Kuwait, Kuwait; The University of Jordan School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Pharmacy Department, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research and Scientific Centre, Sultan Bin AbdulAziz Humanitarian City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Physics, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Translational and Precision Medicine Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Respiratory Therapy Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Public Health Department, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Al-Nafis University for Medical Sciences, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Statistics and Informative, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; The School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Biomedical Physics Group, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Medical Laboratory, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Paediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria; PEP cluster, World Health Organization (WHO), Katsina, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Family and Community Medicine Department, Qassim University, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratories, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Faculty of Nursing, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Ophthalmology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Clinical Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Nursing Faculty, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcleona, Spain; ICFO - Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona, Spain; SRM School of Public Health, Chennai, India; Liver, Digestive, and Lifestyle Health Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait; Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Advancement Unit (IDERA), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia; Health Science Division, Higher College of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Higher Collage of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda; Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; University of Gondar, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan; Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Cardiologic Intensive Care, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Preventive Dentistry, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Bio-Medical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Health and Management Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania; Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Vaccine and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Fajara, Gambia; Department of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers University, Toms River, NJ, United States; Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Division of Medical Research, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India; Department of Public Health, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India; Department of Midwifery, Wachemo University, Hosaena, Ethiopia; Department on Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Internal Medicine Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Neurology Department, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Federal Research & Clinic Center of Space Medicine and Biology, Federal Biomedical Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation; Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Clinical Disciplines, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Nazarbayev University, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norway; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy Practice, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Internal Medicine, AdventHealth, Sebring, FL, United States; Institute of Health, Bule Hora university, Bule Hora, Ethiopia; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India; Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biostatistics, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Deakin Health Economics, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences, University System of Georgia, Statesboro, GA, United States; Faculty of Health Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Global Health, Center for Epidemic Research and Outbreak Preparedness, Kampala, Uganda; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Atchabar Scientific Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Institute of Population and Social Research, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigart, Ethiopia; Ethiopia; College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy; Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan; Internal Medicine Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States; Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Faculty of Nursing, Arab American University Palestine, Jenin, Palestine; Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Maternal and Child Health Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, ankara, Turkey; Department of Nephrology, Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Public Health Dentistry, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India; Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research and Technology Deputy, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan; Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; College of Health Science, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States; Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Data Management (BEAD) Core, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland; Directorate of Quality Assurance, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt; Microbiology Department, Horus University Egypt, Damietta, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environmental Pediatrics, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea; Research and Scientific Division, Ministry of Health, Free Town, Sierra Leone; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pathological Physiology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, India; Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; DIMEC, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; School of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Oromia Health Bureau, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Center for Higher Studies and Research, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Pharmacy, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Public Health Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Mampong, Ghana; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia, Terengganu, Malaysia; University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Internal Medicine Department, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, United States; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Kathmandu, United Kingdom; Department of Tuberculosis, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal; College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Medicine, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Nursing, King Khalid University, Mahyil Asir, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; IT Department, Coforge, Georgia, GA, United States; College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Translational Medicine (DiMET), University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria, Italy; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir dar, Ethiopia; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Community Medicine Department, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Madurai, India; School of Public health, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Sintra, Portugal; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; National Institute for Implementation Research on Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jodhpur, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Gross Pointe Woods, MI, United States; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Family Medicine Department, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, United States; School of Education, Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Research, Bengal Rural Welfare Service, Kolkata, India; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Global Health & Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Independent Consultant, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Strep A & ARF Therapeutics Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Health Biotechnology Directorate at Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramanathapuram, India; Department of Medical Laboratory, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Global Healthcare Management, York St John University, London, United Kingdom; Department of Demography and Population Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland; Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria; Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Biological Sciences Department, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences Healthcare Management Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia; Integrated Operative Unit of Clinical Pathology, Sant'Antonio Abate Hospital, Erice, Italy; Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory Department, Regional Health Authority, Sicilian Region, Palermo, Italy; Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India; Sociology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh; Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Health Sciences, Tennessee State University (TSU), Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pune, India; Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Science and Technology Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; SRM School of Public Health, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru; Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Gastroenterology Department, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Health, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, SA, Australia; School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Amoud University, Hargiesa, Somalia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; The University of Adelaide, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Ga East Municipal Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Jadara Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Geriatric Department, University of Padua, Padova, Italy; Scientific Unit, Endpoints, Panama, Panama; Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Infectieziekten in de Eerste Lijn Programme, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Research, State Cancerology Institute of Colima, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Colima, Mexico; Research and Training Directorate, Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Clinic of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India; Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; JSS Medical College, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Science, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, United States; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) in Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia; Research Department, Planetary Health Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Research and Development, Home in Place, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, “G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Unit of Public Health, Local Health Autority of Pescara, Pescara, Italy; Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States; Medical Department, University Farhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria; Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, United States; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Life and Sport Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Alison M. Howell Centre for Religion, Environment, Science and Development, Akrofi Christaller Institute of Theology, Mission and Culture, Akropong-Akuapem, Ghana; Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; Irfan Suat Gunsel Operational Research Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey; Faculty of Environment and Health Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneural Development, Asante Mampong Campus, Ghana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Michael and Cecilia Ibru University, Delta State, Nigeria; Histology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Suez Canal University, El-Arish, Egypt; Fish Farming and Technology Institute, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Infectious Diseases Unit, Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Brazzaville, Congo; Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Emergency Preparedness & Response (EPR), Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, Gamal Abdel Nasser University Conakry (UGANC), Conakry, Guinea; Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed the First, Oujda, Morocco; College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; National Institute of Public Health Research, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Applied Health Science, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt; Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Zoonoses, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Molecular Biology Department, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt; Microbiology and immunology, Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt; Department of Virology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Health Sciences Division, Higher Colleges of Technology, AlAin, United Arab Emirates; School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States; Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Nursing, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Scinces, Semnan, Iran; Department of Anatomy, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Igbo ENo, Nigeria; Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Global Health & Innovation Lab, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Surgery, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bloomberg School of Public Health Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Al Enaya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Sinaw, Oman; Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; Charité University Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité University Medical Center Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Geography and Geoinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Pakistan; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt; The School of Medicine, The University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom; Bacteria and Drug Resistant Infections Group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; School of Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, QLD, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Poto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan; Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Statistics, Oregon Health and Science University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Healthcare Management, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; School of American Education, Institute of Health & Management, Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, School of Engineering, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Laboratory Sciences Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Emergency Medicine Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, Madurai, India; Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, SIMAD University Mogadishu, Mogadishu, Somalia; Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain; Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Centre for Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, India; School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; PA, United States; School of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; General Office, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Christian Dental College, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Ludhiana, India; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq; Iraq; Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan; Pathology Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Medicine, Kafresheikh University, kafresheikh, Egypt; Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt; Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Zoology, KKS Women's College, Balasore, India; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Ospedale SS Annunziata Savigliano, Savigliano, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Department of Pediatrics, Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey; Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Midwifery Department, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Gastroenterology, Cangnan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, China; Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Medical Directorate, Local Health Authority of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Clinical Science, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; School of Global Health and Bioethics, Euclid University, Banjul, Gambia; Department of Microbiology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria; Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Laboratory Oncology Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India; Department of Nephrology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India; Centre for Toxicovigilance & Drug Safety, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; Department of Microbiology, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Research Unit in Epidemiology Clinic, Mexican Institute of Social Segurity, Colima, Mexico; Kinesiology Department, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile; Department of Medical Microbiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; Department of Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Thong Nhat Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; School of Clinicla Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Medical Microbiology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Yemen, Sana'a, Yemen; Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, Science University of Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia; Department of Community Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Midwifery, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Biology, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Training Center, Kurdistan Higher Council of Medical Specialties, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan; Department of Animal Diseases, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Statistics and Informatics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; RISE, University of Sharjah, Shariah, United Arab Emirates; Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health, Green International University, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Salt, Jordan; Surgical Biotechnology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Edirne Public Health Center, Edirne Provincial Health Directorate, Edirne, Turkey; Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Department of Computer and Information Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, A’ Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman; Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital, North Zealand, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark; Department of Food Science, University of Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq; Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mental Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; School of Nursing and Midwivery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Nursing Program, Fakeeh college for medical sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Ophthalmology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Interventions and Implementation Research Department, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; institute of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Community Medicine, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Computer Science and Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh; Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, NHS National Services Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark; Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Chattogram, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Engineering and Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of AI, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Department of Anesthesia, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Health and Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Head, Salale University, Gerba Guracha, Ethiopia; Department of Physiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Biology, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Nursing Department, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Madinat Zayed, United Arab Emirates; Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; institute of molecular biology and biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Center for Health Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Health information Magement, Buraydah Private Colleges, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Center for Bioethics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia; Department of Environmental Health, Poltekkes Kemenkes Mamuju (Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health, Mamuju), Mamuju, Indonesia; Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology (SUST), Sylhet, Sylhet, Bangladesh; School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Faculty of Engineering and Technology, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Botany, Rabindranath Tagore University, Hojai, India; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Urology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Nursing Department, Institute of Technology, Health Sciences dr. Soepraoen in Indonesia, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Hospital Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Global Health, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; University of Maryland Institute for Health Computing, University of Maryland Institute for Health Computing, North Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Health Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States; Krishna Institute of Pharmacy, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; School of Medicine, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation; Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India; India; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; Department of Nursing, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; College of science. Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Primary Care Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Public and Community Health, Frontier University Garowe, Puntland, Somalia; National Center for Good Governance (NCGG), Gol, International Institute for Population Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre for Evidence Synthesis and Implementation Research, Cephas Health Research Initiative, Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Institute of Evidence Based Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Air Force Medical Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Bei Jing, China; Health Economics and Policy Management, Johns Hopkins University, baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan; Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore Medical Research Center (LMRC), Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Iran; NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur, India; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; School of Engineering and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, NSW, Australia; SRM School of Public Health, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Institute of National Importance, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; Community Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Department of Pathology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Karad, India; Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Pharmacology, Campbell University, Lillington, NC, United States; Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia; Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Canberra Business School, University of Canberra, Hawker, ACT, Australia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, India; Department of Biostatistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Public Health, South Wales University, Treforest, United Kingdom; Elderwood Rehabilitation Clinical Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; The KU-KIST Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, Seongbuk-Gu, South Korea; Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine; T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc., Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Thomas Adewumi University, Oko, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital Chennai, Chennai, India; The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Periodontics, Shree Guru Gobind Tricentenary University, Gurgaon, India; IMS & SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India; Community Medicine and Public health, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Analytical & Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; School of dentistry, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; 2nd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Artificial Intelligence in Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Amity Stem Cell Institute (ASCI), Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India; School of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; University of Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Gastroenterology, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Symbiosis College of Nursing, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; Department of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Center For Molecular Biosciences And Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Santa Clara County Public Health Department, Santa Clara County Public Health Department, San Jose, CA, United States; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Strategic Affairs Executive Office, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health—Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Health Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Food and Drug Research Center, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Internal Medicine Department, Reading Hospital Tower Health, Reading, PA, United States; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Epidemiology Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Basic Health Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Khandelwal College of Management, Science and Technology, Bareilly, India; Department of Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Medical Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacy, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies (CAPS), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering (MechE), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Cardiology, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Faculty of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran; Medical Labortaory Science Department, University of Raparin, Rania, Iraq; Department of Medical Analysis, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University Of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan; School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Cardiothoracic Imaging Section, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Computer Science, Al-Hadba University, Mosul, Iraq; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Health and Healing Research, Education, and Service, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CGC University, Mohali, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Rivers State University in Nigeria, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; University Clinic, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Amity institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University Noida, Noida, India; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Arthropod Research Unit, Biodiversity Initiative, Houghton, MI, United States; Department of Public Health, Central University, Accra, Ghana; Central University, Accra, Ghana; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Oral Biology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; School of Physical Education, Henan University, Keifeng, China; Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Biological Science, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana; Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Research Management, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Jaipur, Jaipur, India; Amity Centre for Water Studies and Research, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Jaipur, India; Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education, Winneba, Winneba, Ghana; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Mathematics, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India; Shaheed mohtarma benazir bhutto medical college lyari, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Lady Hardinge Medical College, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India; Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Dow medical college, Dow University of Health Sciences, karachi, Pakistan; Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Gastroenterology Department, Ahalia Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; College of Allied Health Sciences, Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Economics, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, India; Department of Anaesthesiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, United States; IITM Pravartak Technologies Foundation, IITM Pravartak Technologies Foundation, Chennai, India; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Lincoln Institute of Rural and Coastal Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Institute for Health Sciences, STIKES Bethesda Yakkum Yogyakarta Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Research Unit of National Center for Mental Health, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana; Department of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana; Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana Town, Ethiopia; Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Systems, Administration and Management, Babcock University, Sagamu, Nigeria; Health Services Management Programme, Plasma University, Mogadishu, Somalia; Department of Epidemiology, UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States; College of medicine and health sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia; Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea; Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Pharmacy, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia; College of Health, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Integrated Hygiene, Organizational, and Service Activities, AOU Polyclinc “G.Rodolico-San Marco” Catania, Catania, Italy; University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Universidad Santa Paula, Curribadat, Costa Rica; Cardiovascular Pharmacology Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; College of Mathematics and Computer, Xinyu University, Xinyu, China; Faculty of Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Teesside University, National Horizons Centre, Darlington, United Kingdom; Cancer Research Group (CRG), Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador; School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Geospatial Health and Development Team-Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Scientific Research and Surveillance Systems, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia; School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Medicine, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland; Ireland; Department of Science, Kyiv School of Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine; Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Carpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Dodoma Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania; Department of Epidemiology, Army medical university, Chongqing, China; Department of Clinical Data Science and Evidence, Novo Nordisk, Plainsboro, NJ, United States; College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Management of Information Systems Department, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Center for Global Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South of Sinai, Egypt; Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Research, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Centre for Evidence Synthesis and Implementation Research, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ruaha Catholic University (RUCU), Iringa, Tanzania; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Internal Medicine, Central Medical College & Hospital, Cumilla, Bangladesh; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Science, Pondicherry, India; Department of Research, Kayd Consultancy, Garowe, Somalia; Research Center, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Basic Human Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Physics Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Faculty of Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Imaging Brain & Neuropsychiatry iBraiN, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Service de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; A & A Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Global One Health, Ohio State University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Biological Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan; Internal Medicine Department, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, United States; Corporate Nursing and Midwifery Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Research Institute for Medical and Health Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman; Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (IRIS), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition), Mexico City, Mexico; Campus Fortaleza, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Community Medicine, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pondicherry, India; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital in Udaipur India, Udaipur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland; Department of Epidemiology, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford hospital, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Mercer University School of Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunity, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research & Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (DGIDI), Universidad Científica del Sur (University of the South), Lima, Peru; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Trinity Medical Sciences University, St. Vincent, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Debre Berhan university, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States; School of Health Sciences (NSHS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, University “Federico II” of Naples, Naples, Italy; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; College of Pharmacy, Nawroz University, Duhok, Iraq; Institute of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Clinical Emergency Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Medical Demography Unit, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor District, Indonesia; Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; School of Pharmacy, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia; Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Thumbay College of Management and AI in Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Research and Development Department, Panacea Institute of Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Varanasi, India; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Nursing College, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre For Interdisciplinary Research In Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Medicine, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, India; Department of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; College of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department Medical-Surgical Nursing, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; AKUATROP, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States; American Society for Inclusion, Diversity, and Equity in Healthcare, Delaware, DE, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Zakho, Duhok, Iraq; Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali, Colombia; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; School of Pharmacy, International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan; National University-Sudan, Faculty of Clinical and Industrial Pharmacy, Khartoum, Sudan; Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nutrology Fellowship, Nutrology Academy, São Paulo, Brazil; PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Knowledge Management Department, Prahlad Omkarwati Foundation (POF), Mumbai, India; Changescape Consulting, Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India; Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Global Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Career development Center, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Paediatrics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Postgraduate Research and Publications, Amoud University, Hargeisa, Somalia; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Research Methods, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India; Central Research Laboratory, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, India; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology FAMS, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Prince Fahad bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health Sciences and Technology, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth, Hyderabad, India; Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Pathological physiology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Medical Surgical nursing, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Elderly Health Research Center, Research and Academic Institution, Tehran, Iran; National Bureau of Fish Genetic Research (NBFGR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Maharashtra, India; Department of Restorative Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral Biology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Zoology and Entomology Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq; University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Radiation Oncology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Vermont, South Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Dept of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; TroDDIVaT Initiative, Frontline Association, Buea, Cameroon; Research and Innovation Center, Dalhousie University, Kigali, Rwanda; African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda; MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; Research, Innovation, and Data Sceince Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; International Institute of Training and Research (INSTAR), University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University (UMP-VNU), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; ESI-PGIMSR, Medical College & Hospital and ODC (EZ), West Bengal University of Health Sciences (WBUHS), Joka, India; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang (State University of Semarang), Kota Semarang, Indonesia; School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Public Health, UNICAF, Larnaca, Cyprus; Department of Mathematics, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Yale Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Global Health Policy and Development, Sub-Saharan Africa Research for Sustainable Development (SSARSD) Project, Berekum, Ghana; College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Technical Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan; Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Pharmacy department, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; College of Science- Biology Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Global Health Department, Euclid University, Banqui, Central African Republic; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Midwifery Department, Poltekkes Kemenkes Palu, Palu, Indonesia; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Pathology and Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; DUT-DSTI Space Science and CNS Research Center, Durban University of Technoilogy, Durban, South Africa; Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical Micro-biology and Parasitology, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Pfizer Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, United States; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Department of Physiotherapy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila- Orangun, Nigeria; Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Abeokuta, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology, Microbiology and Science Laboratory Technology, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Medical laboratory Science, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria; Caleb University, Lagos, Nigeria; Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc: Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas), Campinas, Brazil; Department of Computational Biology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute (EMBRAPA), Campinas, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, St Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, NJ, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kampala International University—Western Campus, Iahaka-Bushenyi, Uganda; Department of Pharmacy and Pharamacology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Scientific Laboratory “Center for Collective Use”, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Animal Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone; University of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; SICCS, Northern AriZona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Centre, Bida, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education Science & Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria; Plant Systems Biology, International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Human Physiology, Southern Delta University, Delta, Nigeria; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Nadiad, India; Department of Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Adilabad, India; Instiute of Physiotherapy, Srinivas University, Mangalore, India; School of Sciences, Noida International University, Greater Noida, India; Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; SRM School of Public Health, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India; Division of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; First Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India; Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy; Department of Population Policies & Programmes, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Cardiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States; Department of Cardiology, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Kansas City, MO, United States; Department of Physical Therapy, Right Motion Physical Therapy PT PC., Woodbury, NY, United States; Department of Computer Science and Bioscience, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India; Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Long Island University, Brooklyn, Fairfield, NJ, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States; Department of Community Medicine, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Health, Nutrition, and HIV/AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Biobehavioral Nursing Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine; Department of Community Medicine, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation; College of Health Sciences (CHS), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Global Health Department, Ripple Global Health, Lilongwe, Malawi; School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Technology Transfer Center, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Department of Cell Biology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Al-Rafidain University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Luhansk, Ukraine; Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States; College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Pediatrics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India; Clinical Laboratory Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria; Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India; Department of Mathematics, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkey; Internal Medical Faculty, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Science Research Centre, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; College of Health Sciences, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria; LIRSSEI Research Lab, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria; Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Hajipur, India; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medicine, Public Health Institute, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Trauma and Emergency Medicine Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, India; Department of Biotechnology, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Paediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Midwifery, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Palu, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy, Govt. Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India; Centre for Marine and Aquatic Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Biotechnology, Hislop College, Nagpur, India; Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College and Hospital, Dhanbad, India; Department of Research, Eastern Scientific LLC, Richmond, KY, United States; Planetary Health Research Centre (PHRC), Kathmandu, Nepal; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; University of Swabi, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan; Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India; Centre for Digital Health and Precision Medicine, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Infection Prevention & Control, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Internal Medicine, Northwest Health, Porter, Valparaiso, IN, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pathological Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India; School of Environment, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Pakistan, Dir Upper, Pakistan; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Santosh (Deemed to be University), Delhi, India; Pathology Department, Yarmouk university, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Colombia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Department of Clinical Research, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India; Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Miyan Research Institute, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada; West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Community Medicine, RVM Medical College and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India; Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India; Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; National institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Pharmacy Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Department for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Iranian Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Qena University, Qena City, Egypt; Department of Hygiene and Food Control, King Salman International University, Ras sidr, Egypt; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan; Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nuroscience Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Institute of Food and Nutrition, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary; University College, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Research Institute for Health Sciences and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health in Disaster & Emergency, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; College of Applied and Health Sciences, A’ Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman; Department of Smart Computing and Cyber Resilience (DSCCR), Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Health Professional Technologies, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India; College of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; College of Pharmacy, Al-Hadba University, Mosul, Iraq; Kasr-AlAiny Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Pathology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurobiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States; Physiotherapy Department, Cihan university-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Independent Consultant, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Benang Merah Research Center, Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia; Department of Forensic Biology, Government Institute of Forensic Science Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, India; Department of Pediatrics, SRM Medical College Hospital And Research Centre, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Osteopathic Medicine, D'Youville University, Buffalo, NY, United States; Institute for Cardiology and Research, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Chennai, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India; Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Centre for Behaviour and Wellness Advocacy, Koforidua, Ghana; Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Pharmacology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Precision Medicine Department, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli), Naples, Italy; Department of Public Health Sciences, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, United States; Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia; Universidad ESAN, Lima, Peru; of Business, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; Operating Room Department, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Medical Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomedical Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, University of South Australia, South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Centre for Modern Organic Agriculture Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India; Department of Marine Biotechnology, AMET University, Chennai, India; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Fourth Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October city, Egypt; College of Medicine at Shaqra, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oncology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Changa, India; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; State Key Laboratories of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing University Of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; University of Hail, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Italy; Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States; Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria; Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India; Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, India; School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; Department of Forensic Science, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Nuclear Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, Austria; Department of Public Health, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Manipal Tata Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Jamshedpur, India; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Physiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridiski”, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Clinical Practice, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, University System of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States; Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; RISE Health, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research and Innovation, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sceinces, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management-Kundli (NIFTEM-K), Sonipat, India; Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, India; School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, United States; Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, Patiala, India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Computer Science & Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Biotechnology and Microbiology, Noida International University, Greater Noida, India; Mehta Family School of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar Garhwal, India; Department of Botany, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Delhi, India; ESIC Medical College and Hospital, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Ranchi, India; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Veterinary Pathology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Books Committee, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Biology Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Independent Consultant, Grilly, France; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, United States; Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt; Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada; Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Public Heath & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Public Health & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India; Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology and Surveillance Laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Clinic, Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Health, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India; Department of Pathology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States; McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Department of General Medicine, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Division of General Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Yobe, Nigeria; Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Shillong, India; Department of Biochemistry, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Chennai, India; Pathology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Medical Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Health, Safety, and Environmental Management, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Duhok Research Centre, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Manhasset, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran; Statistics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh; School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University, Negeri Seremban, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Community Medicine, Shahid Nirmal Mahato Medical College and Hospital, Dhanbad, Dhanbad, India; Department of Software Engineering, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangladesh Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Science, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Indiana University School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, United States; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; college of medicine and health science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Medicine Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Bathinda, India; Department of Economics, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neonatology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Global Health, Australian Institute of Community and Health (AICHM), South Yatta, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute of Community and Health Management, South Yarra, VIC, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luke's Hospital, Patanamthitta, India; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; School of the Enviroment-Vector biology lab, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States; Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Viet Nam; Gautam Buddha University Greater Noida India, Gautam Buddha University, Noida, India; Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Group, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Daffodil International University (DIU), Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Hayatabad Medical Complex, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Independent Consultant, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; North Central Regional Health Authority, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal Ministry of Health, Azare, Nigeria; Federal University of Health Sciences Teaching Hospital Azare, Azare, Nigeria; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Symbiosis Collge of Nursing, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Kodagu, India; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Eastern Europe and Central Asia Regional Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Istanbul, Turkey; College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Research and Education Department, Oli Health Magazine Organization (OHMO), Kigali, Rwanda; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri, Malaysia; Irfan Suat Gunsel Operational Research Institute, Near East University, Mersin, Turkey; Department of Orthodontics, University of Trakya, Edirne, Turkey; Community Respiratory Centre, Bangladesh Primary Care Respiratory Society (BPCRS), Khulna, Bangladesh; Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College Yadadri, Yadadri, India; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sankhyatraya Science and Research Association, New Delhi, India; Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala, India, Trivandrum, India; ICMR School of Public Health, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; School of Epidemioloy, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India; PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Auxilium College (Autonomous), Vellore, India; Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management & Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute in Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, India; Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Henry S.Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid (European University of Madrid), Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Bangalore, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Széchenyi István University, Gyor, Hungary; Department of Forensic Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Marshall Centre for Interventions in Infectious Disease, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Adult Health Nursing/School of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Quality and Clinical Governance, Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Research Organisation, Inter-Continental Omni-Research in Medicine Collaborative, Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Abuakwa North Municipal Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Kukurantumi, Ghana; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Environmental Health Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Western Institute of Digital-Intelligent Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Zilber College of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Business Administration, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Center for Postgraduate Education and Training, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, African Center for Early Childhood Development, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Occupational Diseases, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Joe C Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Hematology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Public Health, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Family Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Family Medicine Department, St. Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute Of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Innovation and Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey; Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Health science, Debre Tabor University, Debre tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Pharmacy Department, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China; Family and Community Medicine Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; James Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Biology & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen; Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Health Investigation Center, Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Tarija, Bolivia; Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Practice, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Unit of Cancer Survivorship, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia; Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Building Engineering and Environment, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine; Civil Engineering and Sustainable Structures, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; NUS-IHME Global Burden of Disease Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
