Juanita A. Haagsma, Spencer L. James, Chris D. Castle, Zachary V. Dingels, Jack T. Fox, Erin B. Hamilton, Zichen Liu, Lydia R. Lucchesi, Nicholas L.S. Roberts, Dillon O. Sylte, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Alireza Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Fares Alahdab, Suliman A. Alghnam, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Mina Anjomshoa, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Olatunde Aremu, Amit Arora, Hamid Asayesh, Reza Assadi, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Shivanthi Balalla, Amrit Banstola, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Corina Benjet, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Guilherme Borges, Rohan Borschmann, Dipan Bose, Soufiane Boufous, Alexandra Brazinova, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J. Carrero, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Jee-Young J. Choi, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Christopher Stephen Crowe, Koustuv Dalal, Ahmad Daryani, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Louisa Degenhardt, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Kebede Deribe, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Gabrielle Aline deVeber, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Linh Phuong Doan, Kate A. Dolan, Tim Robert Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Ziad El-Khatib, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Andre Faro, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Richard Charles Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Tiffany K. Gill, Alessandra C. Goulart, Ayman Grada, Yuming Guo, Rahul Gupta, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Josep Maria Haro, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Martha Híjar, Michael K. Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Naznin Hossain, Sorin Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Ehimario U. Igumbor, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rebecca Q. Ivers, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ravi Prakash Jha, Jost B. Jonas, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Rizwan Kalani, Amir Kasaeian, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Andre Pascal Kengne, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Abdullah T. Khoja, Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri, Young-Eun Kim, Daniel Kim, Adnan Kisa, Ai Koyanagi, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Manasi Kumar, Ratilal Lalloo, Hilton Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Van C. Lansingh, Janet L. Leasher, Shanshan Li, Shai Linn, Raimundas Lunevicius, Flavia R. Machado, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Marek Majdan, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Ana-Laura Manda, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Pallab K. Maulik, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Addisu Melese, Walter Mendoza, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Atte Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Tomasz Miazgowski, Ted R. Miller, G.K. Mini, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Babak Moazen, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Shafiu Mohammed, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Stefania Mondello, Pablo A. Montero-Zamora, Yoshan Moodley, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ghobad Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Lidia Morawska, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Shane Douglas Morrison, Marilita M. Moschos, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Srinivas Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Ionut Negoi, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew T. Olagunju, Tinuke O. Olagunju, Pedro R. Olivares, Heather M. Orpana, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, P.A. Mahesh, Smita Pakhale, Eun-Kee Park, George C. Patton, Konrad Pesudovs, Michael R. Phillips, Suzanne Polinder, Swayam Prakash, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Alireza Rafiei, Siavash Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Andre M.N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Shahab Rezaeian, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Yogesh Damodar Sabde, Basema Saddik, Payman Salamati, Yahya Salimi, Inbal Salz, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Lidia Sanchez Riera, Milena M. Santric Milicevic, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Susan M. Sawyer, Sonia Saxena, Mete Saylan, Ione J.C. Schneider, David C. Schwebel, Soraya Seedat, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Aziz Sheikh, Jiabin Shen, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Ivy Shiue, João Pedro Silva, Jasvinder A. Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Joan B. Soriano, Sergey Soshnikov, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Vladimir I. Starodubov, Dan J. Stein, Mark A. Stokes, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Jacob E. Sunshine, Bryan L. Sykes, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Karen M. Tabb, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Jarnail Singh Thakur, Khanh Bao Tran, Bach Xuan Tran, Lorainne Tudor Car, Olalekan A. Uthman, Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu, Pascual R. Valdez, Elena Varavikova, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Francesco S. Violante, Vasily Vlassov, Yasir Waheed, Yuan-Pang Wang, Tissa Wijeratne, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Priyanka Yadav, Yuichiro Yano, Muluken Azage Yenesew, Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z. Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Shamsa Zafar, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Yong Zhao, Sanjay Zodpey, Simon I. Hay, Alan D. Lopez, Ali H. Mokdad, Theo Vos
Background The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. results For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; School of Public Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Pokhara, Nepal; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Transport & Digital Development, World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute of Public Health Kalyani, Kalyani, India; School of Health Science, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf. Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Center of Excellence in Health Service Management, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada; Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; REQUIMTE, LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia; Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; March of Dimes, Arlington, VA, United States; School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Tabriz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico; CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh; Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department for Health Care and Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; HelpMeSee, New York City, NY, United States; International Relations Department, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Anesthesiology, Pain and Intensive Care Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Radiology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt; Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Haridwar, Roorkee, India; Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Neurology Department, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India; Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Neurology, Oasi Research Institute, Troina, Italy; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Health Management Reserach Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; General Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Accra, Ghana; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; HAST, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Oshakati, Namibia; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Committee for the Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Population Health Department, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, NSW, Australia; Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Market Access Department, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Karachi, Pakistan; School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Medicine Service, US Department of Veteran Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Department of Research Development, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, The Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, The Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Molecular Medicine and Pathology Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, The Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Statistics, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Directorate of Social Studies and Policies, Federal District Planning Company, Brasília, Brazil; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of HongKong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of HongKong, Hong Kong; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Health Economics & Finance, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia
