Damaris K. Kinyoki, Jennifer M. Ross, Alice Lazzar-Atwood, Sandra B. Munro, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Mahdieh Abbasalizad-Farhangi, Masoumeh Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Ahmed Abdelalim, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Nebiyu Dereje Abebe, Teshome Abuka Abebo, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R. M. Abrigo, Abdelrahman I. Abushouk, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Maryam Adabi, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Victor Adekanmbi, Abiodun Moshood Adeoye, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Davoud Adham, Posi Emmanuel Aduroja, Shailesh M. Advani, Mohsen Afarideh, Mohammad Aghaali, Anurag Agrawal, Tauseef Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Rushdia Ahmed, Olufemi Ajumobi, Chalachew Genet Akal, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Tomi Akinyemiju, Blessing Akombi, Ziyad Al-Aly, Samiah Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M. Alanzi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal, Niguse Meles Alema, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Muhammad Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Cyrus Alinia, Vahid Alipour, Hesam Alizade, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Afshin Almasi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Azmeraw T. Amare, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Saeed Amini, Mostafa Amini Rarani, Fatemeh Amiri, Arianna Maever Loreche Amit, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Razique Anwer, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ephrem Mebrahtu Araya, Zohreh Arefi, Olatunde Aremu, Johan Ärnlöv, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Samaneh Asgari, Babak Asghari, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Anemaw A. Asrat, Bahar Ataeinia, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout, Marcel Ausloos, Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared A. Asmare Aynalem, Abbas Azadmehr, Samad Azari, Ghasem Azarian, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, Ebrahim Babaee, Alaa Badawi, Ashish D. Badiye, Mohamad Amin Bahrami, Atif Amin A. Baig, Ahad Bakhtiari, Shankar M. Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Palash Chandra Banik, Zahra Baradaran-Seyed, Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki, Miguel A. Barboza, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lingkan Barua, Huda Basaleem, Sanjay Basu, Mohsen Bayati, Mulat Tirfie Bayih, Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes, Neeraj Bedi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yibeltal Alemu Bekele, Derrick A. Bennett, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe, Adam E. Berman, Robert S. Bernstein, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Dinesh Bhandari, Pankaj Bharadwaj, Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Setognal Birara, Minuye Biniam Biniam Birhane, Minyichil Birhanu, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Zebenay Workneh Bitew, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Somayeh Bohlouli, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Antonio M. Borzì, Shiva Borzouei, Oliver J. Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Dejana Braithwaite, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Shyam S. Budhathoki, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A. Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Jorge Cano, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J. Carrero, Félix Carvalho, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Franz Castro, Ester Cerin, Collins Chansa, Jaykaran Charan, Pranab Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Bal Govind Chauhan, Ali Reza Chavshin, Mohammad Chehrazi, Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu, Ken Lee Chin, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Michael L. Collison, Michael A. Cork, Natalie Cormier, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Vera M. Costa, Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi, Baye Dagnew, Saad M. A. Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Jai K. Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Claudio Dávila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Rupak Desai, Beruk Berhanu Desalegn, Assefa Desalew, Aniruddha Deshpande, Sagnik Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preeti Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Mostafa Dianati Nasab, Daniel Diaz, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Girmaye Deye Dinsa, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Shirin Djalalinia, Hoa Thi Do, Huyen Phuc Do, Paul Narh Doku, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Manisha Dubey, Bereket Duko Adema, Susanna J. Dunachie, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre R. Durães, Lucas Earl, Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo, Aziz Eftekhari, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Iffat Elbarazi, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Ziad El-Khatib, Aisha Elsharkawy, Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Adane Endalew, Melese Linger Endalifer, Khalil Eskandari, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Alireza Esteghamati, Arash Etemadi, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Jessica Fanzo, Mohammad Farahmand, Anwar Faraj, Sajjad Farashi, Mohammad Fareed, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Hossein Farzam, Syeda Sadia Fatima, Nazir Fattahi, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Netsanet Fentahun, Tomas Y. Ferede, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, João C. Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Carsten Flohr, Nataliya A. Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Masoud Foroutan, Jana Förster, Joel Msafiri Francis, Takeshi Fukumoto, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Hadush Gebremariam, Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Gebretsadkan G. G. Gebretsadik, Getnet Azeze Gedefaw, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Birhanu Geta, Agegnehu Bante Getenet, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Mansour Ghafourifard, Alireza Ghajar, Mahsa Ghajarzadeh, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Hesam Ghiasvand, Asadollah Gholamian, Syed Amir Gilani, Tiffany K. Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Srinivas Goli, Nelson G. M. Gomes, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Houman Goudarzi, Alessandra C. Goulart, Arunkumar Govindakarnavar, Ayman Grada, Michal Grivna, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Rashid Abdi Guled, Yuming Guo, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Michael Tamene Haile, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Brian J. Hall, Iman Halvaei, Randah R. Hamadeh, Yadollah Hamidi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Graeme J. Hankey, Hamidreza Haririan, Ninuk Hariyani, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Milad Hasankhani, Edris Hasanpoor, Amir Hasanzadeh, Maryam Hashemian, Soheil Hassanipour, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Corinna Hawkes, Khezar Hayat, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Behnam Heidari, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Nathaniel J. Henry, Mario Herrero, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos D. de Hidru, Chi Linh Hoang, Hans W. Hoek, Michael K. Hole, Ramesh Holla, Gillian Hollerich, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Sung Hwi Hong, Praveen Hoogar, Masako Horino, Naznin Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsairi, Guoqing Hu, Tanvir M. Huda, Ayesha Humayun, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D. Ilic, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chidozie C. D. Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Neda Izadi, Jalil Jaafari, Anelisa Jaca, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Nader Jafari Balalami, Morteza Jafarinia, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Farzad Jalilian, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Fyezah Jehan, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Peng Jia, Oommen John, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Kimberly B. Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Amaha Kahsay, Molla Kahssay, Hamed Kalani, Leila L. Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Zahra Kamiab, Tanuj Kanchan, Umesh Kapil, Neeti Kapoor, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Mohd A. Karim, Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Andre Pascal Kengne, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Mojtaba Khaksarian, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Rovshan Khalilov, Asad Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Mohammad Saud Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Khaled Khatab, Amir Khater, Mona M. Khater, Mahalqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Maryam Khazaei-Pool, Mohammad Khazaei, Salman Khazaei, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Roba Khundkar, Ali Kiadaliri, Neda Kianipour, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Tufa Kolola, Hamidreza Komaki, Shivakumar K. M. Kondlahalli, Ali Koolivand, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Kewal Krishan, Kris J. Krohn, Nuworza Kugbey, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Om P. Kurmi, Oluwatosin Kuti, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Deepesh P. Lad, Aparna Lal, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Faris Hasan Lami, Prabhat Lamichhane, Justin J. Lang, Van C. Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Georgy Lebedev, Paul H. Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Mostafa Leili, Ian D. Letourneau, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Lee-Ling Lim, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Simin Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Joshua Longbottom, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mohammed Madadin, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Dhaval P. Maghavani, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Venkatesh Maled, Afshin Maleki, Shokofeh Maleki, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Ali Manafi, Farzad Manafi, Navid Manafi, Narendar Dawanu Manohar, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Dadi Marami, Laurie B. Marczak, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anthony Masaka, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Pallab K. Maulik, Benjamin K. Mayala, Mohsen Mazidi, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Freshteh Mehri, Kala M. Mehta, Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei, Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen, Teferi Mekonnen, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Addisu Melese, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Meresa Berwo Mengesha, George A. Mensah, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomasz Miazgowski, Neda Milevska Kostova, Ted R. Miller, Edward J. Mills, G.K. Mini, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Mohammad Miri, Hamed Mirjalali, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Hamed Mirzaei, Maryam Mirzaei, Roya Mirzaei, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Prasanna Mithra, Babak Moazen, Efat Mohamadi, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Yousef Mohammad, Dara K. Mohammad, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Salahuddin Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Amin Mokari, Ali H. Mokdad, Julio Cesar Montañez, Pablo A. Montero-Zamora, Yoshan Moodley, Maryam Moossavi, Ghobad Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Farhad Moradpour, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Shane Douglas Morrison, Abbas Mosapour, Jonathan F. Mosser, Simin Mouodi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Dariush Mozaffarian, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Christopher J. L. Murray, G.V.S. 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Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Leila Zaki, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Maryam Zamanian, Hamed Zandian, Hadi Zarafshan, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Xiu-Ju Zhao, Sanjay Zodpey, Kamiar Zomorodian, Francis Bruno Zotor, Ashkan Afshin, Simon I. Hay
A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic. © 2020, The Author(s).
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Toxicology and Diseases Group, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Public Health, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Radiotherapy Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; LABMED, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Research Department, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines; Cardiovascular Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Egypt; Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin; Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Community Cardiovascular Research Unit, Elyon Heart Rehabilitation Center, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Cancer Prevention and Control, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Epidemiology, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Research Area for Informatics and Big Data, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China; Microbiology Department, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan; Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States; National Malaria Elimination Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA Saint Louis Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Departamento de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia; Observatorio Nacional de Salud, National Institute of Health, Bogotá, Colombia; Sansom Institute, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Biomedical Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Radiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine-Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Agribusiness, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Pathology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; School of Nursing and Midwife, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, , University of Nottingham, Amman, Jordan; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Contrôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Reproductive Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Healthcare Management Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; Biomedicine Department, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Gongbedak, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; Health Policy and Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Animal Pathology and Epidemiology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran; Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; University of Aden, Aden, Yemen; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Manipal, India; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Public Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Wardha, India; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Ranica, Italy; Health Economics & Outcomes Research, Creativ-Ceutical (Huntsworth Health), London, United Kingdom; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Debretabor University, Addis Ababa University, Debretabor, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Center, , University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Nutrition, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Research, Golden Community, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital, Bangalore, India; Department for Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Comisión Directiva, Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Health, Nutrition and Population, World Bank, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute for Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Population Research Centre, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, India; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Population and Development, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Neonatal Nursing, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Mathematical Demography and Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal; Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Mexico; Department of Nursing, Bank Melli, Tehran, Iran; Fenot Project, Harvard University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Economy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Medicina Interna, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada; Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Pharmaceutics Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Unit of Medical Physiology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nutrition and Food Systems Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Political Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Deputy of Research and Technology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; REQUIMTE/LAQV - Network of Chemistry and Technology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal; Department of Health Education & Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology (IPPRAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Research, Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Nursing Department, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Neuroscience Institute, Academy of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran; University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil; College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; March of Dimes, Arlington, VA, United States; School of Public Health, West Virginia University Morgantown, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research Department, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences & Technology, Jaipur, India; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, Macao; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Health Management and Economics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Dental Public Health, Universitas Airlangga Indonesia, Surabaya, Indonesia; Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Zoology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Department of Healthcare Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Utica College, Utica, NY, United States; Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Research Department, Electronic Medical Records for the Developing World, York, United Kingdom; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine, Bucharest, Romania; Division of Information and Computing Technology, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College at Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India; Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa; Cochrane Center, South African Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, South Africa; Health Systems and Public Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Evidence Based Health Care, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Psychosis, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department for Health Care and Public Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, New Delhi, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Earth Observation Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, United Kingdom; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Health Services Management Department, School of Health Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran; Community Medicine Department, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Physiology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Hospital Medicine, Miriam Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Division of Evidence Synthesis, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Academy of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Deemed University, Karad, India; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, , Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Health and Nutrition Section, United Nations Childrens’ Fund (UNICEF), Accra, Ghana; Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) & Head and Neck Surgery, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Nutrition, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany; Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines; Pathology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Radiology Department, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt; Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India; Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Plastic Surgery Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Research Department, Grupo de Investigación Fundovida - Fundovida IPS, Cartagena, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Economía de la Salud, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Public Health Department, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ICF International, DHS Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Neurology Department, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Public Health and Mortality, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Health Policy and Management, Centre for Regional Policy Research and Cooperation ‘Studiorum’, Skopje, North Macedonia; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Deputy of Social Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Research Center, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States; Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Systems Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Economics and Management Sciences for Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Food Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Indian Institute of Public Health - Hyderabad, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, India; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics Control, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), H1, Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Administrative and Economic Sciences, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana; Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; HAST, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Namibia, Osakhati, Namibia; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Phonics Hearing Centre, Lagos, Nigeria; Public Health and School of Graduates Studies, Jigjiga University, Jig-Jiga, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India; Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India; Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India; Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Research & Publication Cell, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India; Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Population Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy; School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; HIV and Mental Health Department, Integrated Development Foundation Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Paramedic Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia; Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Bucuresti, Romania; Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia; Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Sweidi Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, North-West University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea; Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Public Health Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Centro de Investigación Palmira, Agrosavia, Palmira, Colombia; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanobiotechnology Center, Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran; Urology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Public Health and Community Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India; PSG-FAIMER, South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India; Health Economics and Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Surgery Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Microbiology Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India; Department of Health Information Management and Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Population Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea; Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Cancer Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil; Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Global Patient Outcome and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Department of Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark; Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Midwifery Department, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Academy of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Department of Research Development, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Research Management, Policy, Planning and Coordination, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Clinical Department, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Internal Disease, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; University Institute ‘Egas Moniz’, Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Pharmacognosy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Standford, CA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Endocrinology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Biology Department, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation; HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India; Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Lifestyle Diseases Research Entity, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; National AIDS Control Organisation, Ministry of Health, New Delhi, India; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Neurology & Stroke Unit, Sant’Anna Hospital, Como, Italy; Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mother and Child Healthcare Institute of Serbia ‘Dr Vukan Cupic’, Belgrade, Serbia; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand; Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Environmental Health, Academy of Medical Science, Sari, Iran; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Maternal and Child Wellbeing Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
