Kirsten E. Wiens, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Brigette F. Blacker, Kimberly B. Johnson, Mathew M. Baumann, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Maryam Adabi, Abdu A. Adamu, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Mohsen Afarideh, Sohail Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Anwar E. Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Rushdia Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Noore Alam, Samiah Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M. Alanzi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Saeed Amini, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Amir Anoushiravani, Fereshteh Ansari, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Benny Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Jalal Arabloo, Hany Mohamed Amin Aref, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Amit Arora, Krishna K. Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Sachin R. Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Peter S. Azzopardi, Ebrahim Babaee, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Alaa Badawi, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M. Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Aleksandra Barac, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Huda Basaleem, Sanjay Basu, Vo Dinh Bay, Mohsen Bayati, Estifanos Baye, Neeraj Bedi, Mahya Beheshti, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Michelle L. Bell, Derrick A. 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Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Aditya Prasad Dash, Gail Davey, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Adrian C. Davis, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Assefa Desalew, Aniruddha Deshpande, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preeti Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Shirin Djalalinia, Kerrie E. Doyle, Eleonora Dubljanin, Bereket Duko, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Hisham Atan Edinur, Andem Effiong, Aziz Eftekhari, Nevine El Nahas, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Teshome Bekele Elema, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Hajer Elkout, Aisha Elsharkawy, Iqbal R.F. Elyazar, Aklilu Endalamaw, Daniel Adane Endalew, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Arash Etemadi, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Mohammad Fareed, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Farshad Farzadfar, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Valery L. Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A. Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Richard Charles Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mohamed M. Gad, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Teshome Gebre, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Pramesh Raj Ghimire, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Themba G. Ginindza, Nelson G.M. Gomes, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alessandra C. Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Harish Chander Gugnani, Davide Guido, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Yuming Guo, Rajeev Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Dessalegn H. Haile, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hamidreza Haririan, Ninuk Hariyani, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Md Mehedi Hasan, Edris Hasanpoor, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Mohamed I. Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Nathaniel J. Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos Degefa De Hidru, Thomas R. Hird, Chi Linh Hoang, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, Mohammad Hoseini, Naznin Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsairi, Guoqing Hu, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Ehimario U. Igumbor, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D. Ilic, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Neda Izadi, Anelisa Jaca, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Amaha Kahsay, Hamed Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Mohd Anisul Karim, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Yawukal Chane Kasahun, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Gebrehiwot G. Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Gbenga A. Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Mihiretu M. Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Andre Pascal Kengne, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Khaled Khatab, Amir M. Khater, Mona M. Khater, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mohammad Khazaei, Salman Khazaei, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Ali Kiadaliri, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Niranjan Kissoon, K.M. Shivakumar, Sonali Kochhar, Tufa Kolola, Hamidreza Komaki, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Moritz U.G. Kraemer, Kewal Krishan, Nuworza Kugbey, G. Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Sheetal D. Lad, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Felix Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Prabhat Lamichhane, Van Charles Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Avula Laxmaiah, Paul H. Lee, Kate E. LeGrand, Mostafa Leili, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Aubrey J. Levine, Shanshan Li, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Simin Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Joshua Longbottom, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, DR. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Narayan B. Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Navid Manafi, Ana Laura Manda, Narendar Dawani Dawanu Manohar, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Joemer C. 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Moore, Ghobad Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Linda Morales, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Miliva Mozaffor, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Getahun Fentaw Mulaw, Sandra B. Munro, Moses K. Muriithi, Christoper J.L. Murray, G.V.S. Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ashraf F. Nabhan, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Kovin S. Naidoo, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Ionut Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Dabere Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Marzieh Nojomi, Vuong Minh Nong, Ole F. Norheim, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Bogdan Oancea, Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T. Olagunju, Tinuke O. 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Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy, Management, and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Urology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research and Operations, Foundation for Scientific Research, Cotonou, Benin; Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Evidence Based Health Care, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahsa University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia; Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Economics and Rural Development Department, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Mayo Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States; Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia; Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Health Systems Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Parasitology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Economic Sciences, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Nutrition, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Disciple of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Biology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Healthcare Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Dr DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Internal Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of General Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Aden College, Aden, Yemen; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; School of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Faculty of Business and Economics, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, United States; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal; Injury Division, New Delhi, India; The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Transport and Road Safety Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debretabor, Ethiopia; School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; N A Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, Panama City, Panama; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India; Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Public Health Institute University Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, New Delhi, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India; Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India; Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Research Unit and Training Consortium on Emerging Diseases and Climate Change, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Health Policy Research, Gurugram, India; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Central University Tami Nadu, Thiruvarur, India; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf. Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Neonatal Nursing Department, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Anesthesia Department, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal; Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya; Health Information, WHO, Tripoli, Libya; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Awka, Nigeria; International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Public Health-Health Systems and Policy: Medicines Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; School of Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; College of Graduate Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Public Healths, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Southgate Institute for Health and Society, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Population Health, New South Wales Health, Queanbeyan, Australia; Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Epidemiology Unit, Agency for Health Protection, Milan, Italy; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Dental Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia; Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Tabriz, Iran; Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Population Health Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh; Division of Information and Computing Technology, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Institute for Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Centre for Therapeutic Target Validation, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Batiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Young Investigators, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany; Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Institute of Radiation Problems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Quezon City, Philippines; Radiology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt; Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health & Population, Aswan, Egypt; Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysooru, India; Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka, India; Department of Clinical Physiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; General Surgery Department I, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Economics, Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Faculty of Health and Education, Botho University- Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; ICF International, DHS Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Population Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research & Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; Women’s Institute for Social and Health Studies, Women’s Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Forestry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Semera, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Samara University, Semera, Ethiopia; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Health and Environmental Sciences Department, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa; National Center for Health Insurance Research, Iran Health Insurance Organization, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College for Women & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, India; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, The Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Knowledge Translation and Utilization, Egyptian Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Egypt; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; School of Health Sciences, Surgical Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, New Delhi, India; Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India; School of Medicine, University of Sinu, Cartagena, Colombia; Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health, Nutrition, and HIV/AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, National Institute of Health Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Clinical Research Center, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia; Center for Studies in Social Protection and Health Economics, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Bucuresti, Romania; Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Ambala, India; School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; River Region Cardiology Associates, Montgomery, WV, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Muharraq Governorate, Bahrain; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Agrosavia, Palmira, Colombia; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Environmental Epidemiology and Public Health, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India; Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India; PSGFAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India; Malaria No More, Delhi, India; Health Economics Department, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Karachi, Pakistan; Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life, and Social Welfare, University of Boras, Borås, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine, BLDE University, Vijayapur, India; HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Public Health Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil; Global Patient Outcome and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States; Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan; Health Economics, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Criminology, Law, and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Madrid, Spain; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; Axum College of Health Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Research and Development Center for Humanities and Health Management, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Maurice Wilkins Centre, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Microbiology, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Department of Health Economics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan; Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Pediatrics Department, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Neuropsychopharmaology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China, Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; MentalHealthPH, Quezon City, Philippines
