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Ilic, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Anelisa Jaca, Nader Jafari Balalami, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Peng Jia, Kimberly B. Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jóźwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Amaha Kahsay, Hamed Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Behzad Karami Matin, Andre Karch, Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Gbenga A. Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Ali Talha Khalil, Ibrahim Khalil, Rovshan Khalilov, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Junaid Khan, Khaled Khatab, Amir Khater, Mona M. Khater, Alireza Khatony, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mohammad Khazaei, Salman Khazaei, Ehsan Khodamoradi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar A. 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Yimer, Paul Yip, Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z. Younis, Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Mohammad Zamani, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio, Hamed Zandian, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Dongyu Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Xiu-Ju Zhao, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Simon I. Hay
Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Economics and Management Sciences for Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Urology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Department Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Radiotherapy Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Research Department, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines; Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin; Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal; Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Centre for Evidence Based Health Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Health Systems and Public Health, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Biomedical Sciences Division, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Faculty of Economics and Rural Development, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States; National Malaria Elimination Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Parasitology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States; Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Centre of Health System, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Departamento de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia; Observatorio Nacional de Salud, National Institute of Health, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Sansom Institute, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Medical Informatics Unit, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Nutrition & Food Science Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababab, Ethiopia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine-Health Management, Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Ravi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Agribusiness Study Program, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Nursing and Midwifery School, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; International Relations Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Informatics, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia; Dr D Y Patil Medical College, Dr D Y Patil University, Pune, India; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India; Department of Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; University of Aden, Aden, Yemen; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, United States; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Nepal; Research Department, George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Ranica, Italy; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Center, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Bangalore, India; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, World Bank, Lusaka, Zambia; Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India; Population Research Centre, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, India; Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugam, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medicial Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Population and Development, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf. Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal; Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Population Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Medicina Interna, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Community Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya; World Health Organization (WHO), Tripoli, Libya; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Physiology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; College of Graduate Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; School of Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Nursing Department, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Public Health Department, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Epidemiology Unit, Agency for Health Protection, Milano, Italy; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; March of Dimes, Arlington, VA, United States; School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research Department, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences & Technology, Jaipur, India; Department of Nursing, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao; Department of Dental Public Health, Universitas Airlangga Indonesia, Surabaya, Indonesia; Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Zoology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Tabriz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh; Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, Doha, Qatar; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan; Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychosis, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran; Department for Health Care and Public Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, United States; Department of Earth Observation Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, United Kingdom; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Research and Development Team, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, Qarshi University, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt; Academy of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Public Health Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India; Investigaciones Biomedicas, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru; CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Public Health Department, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; ICF International, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Dehli, India; Division of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Research Center, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College for Women & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Research Team, Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, India; Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia; Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay; Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Centro de Investigación Palmira, Agrosavia, Palmira, Colombia; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Nanobiotechnology Center, Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Research Deputy, Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India; PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India; Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Karachi, Pakistan; Public Health Department, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Institute for Population Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel; Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States; Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; University Institute "Egas Moniz", Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States; South Gate Institute for Health Society and Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand; Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; University of South Australia, Adelaide, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Health Economics and Management, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
