Aniruddha Deshpande, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Mathew M. Baumann, Kimberly B. Johnson, Brigette F. Blacker, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R. M. Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Abdu A. Adamu, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mohsen Afarideh, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Mehdi Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Anwar E. Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ali S. Akanda, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Noore Alam, Samiah Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M. Alanzi, James Albright, Ammar Albujeer, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Animut Alebel, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Muhammad Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Saeed Amini, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Benny Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Jalal Arabloo, Hany Mohamed Amin Aref, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Amit Arora, Krishna K. Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Daniel Asmelash, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Sachin R. Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Shally Awasthi, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Andrew S. Azman, Ebrahim Babaee, Alaa Badawi, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Shankar M. Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A. Barboza, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Sanjay Basu, Vo Dinh Bay, Mohsen Bayati, Neeraj Bedi, Mahya Beheshti, Meysam Behzadifar, Masoud Behzadifar, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Michelle L. Bell, Derrick A. Bennett, Habib Benzian, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Robert S. Bernstein, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Somayeh Bohlouli, Soufiane Boufous, Oliver J. Brady, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Gabrielle B. Britton, Alexandria Brown, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A. Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Franz Castro, Ester Cerin, Binaya Chalise, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ken Lee Chin, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Natalie Maria Cormier, Vera Marisa Costa, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Tukur Dahiru, Saad M. A. Dahlawi, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Farah Daoud, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Jai K. Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Jan-Walter De Neve, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Assefa Desalew, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preeti Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Hoa Thi Do, Christiane Dolecek, Kerrie E. Doyle, Eleonora Dubljanin, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Hisham Atan Edinur, Andem Effiong, Aziz Eftekhari, Nevine El Nahas, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Ziad El-Khatib, Hajer Elkout, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Adane Endalew, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Arash Etemadi, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Alebachew Fasil, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Valery L. Feigin, Wubalem Fekadu, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Carsten Flohr, Nataliya A. Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Richard Charles Franklin, Joseph Jon Frostad, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mohamed M. Gad, Gregory M. Garcia, Augustine Mwangi Gatotoh, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf, Tiffany K. Gill, Paramjit Singh Gill, Themba G. Ginindza, Alem Girmay, Zemichael Gizaw, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alessandra C. Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Manfred S. Green, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Harish Chander Gugnani, Davide Guido, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Yuming Guo, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Giang Hai Ha, Juanita A. Haagsma, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Dessalegn H. Haile, Michael Tamene Haile, Brian J. Hall, Samer Hamidi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hamidreza Haririan, Ninuk Hariyani, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Md Mehedi Hasan, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Mohamed I. Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos Degefa de Hidru, Thomas R. Hird, Chi Linh Hoang, Gillian I. Hollerich, Praveen Hoogar, Naznin Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Guoqing Hu, Ayesha Humayun, Syed Ather Hussain, Mamusha Aman A. Hussen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D. Ilic, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rebecca Q. Ivers, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Tanuj Kanchan, André Karch, Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Gebrehiwot G. Kassa, Gbenga A. Kayode, Mihiretu M. Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M. Khater, Amir M. Khater, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mohammad Khazaei, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Ali Kiadaliri, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Sezer Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Sonali Kochhar, Tufa Kolola, Hamidreza Komaki, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Nuworza Kugbey, Pushpendra Kumar, G. Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Aparna Lal, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Hilton Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Van Charles Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Georgy Lebedev, Paul H. Lee, Kate E. LeGrand, Mostafa Leili, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Aubrey J. Levine, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Platon D. Lopukhov, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D.R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Narayan B. Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Navid Manafi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Gabriel Martinez, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Manu Raj Mathur, Benjamin K. Mayala, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Kala M. Mehta, Teferi Mekonnen, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Peter T. N. Memiah, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Workua Mekonnen Metekiya, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ted R. Miller, G.K. Mini, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Yousef Mohammad, Dara K. Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Shafiu Mohammed, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Hassen Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H. Mokdad, Yoshan Moodley, Ghobad Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Paula Moraga, Linda Morales, Abbas Mosapour, Jonathan F. Mosser, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Miliva Mozaffor, Sandra B. Munro, Moses K. Muriithi, Christopher J. L. Murray, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Mohsen Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Ionut Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Quynhanh P. Nguyen, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Marzieh Nojomi, Ole F. Norheim, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T. Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Frank B. Osei, Mayowa O. Owolabi, P.A. Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Smita Pakhale, Adrian Pana, Eun-Kee Park, Sangram Kishor Patel, Ashish Pathak, Ajay Patle, Kebreab Paulos, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Norberto Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Konrad Pesudovs, Hai Quang Pham, David M. Pigott, Thomas Pilgrim, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Mario Poljak, Ian Pollock, Maarten J. Postma, Farshad Pourmalek, Akram Pourshams, Sergio I. Prada, Liliana Preotescu, Hedley Quintana, Navid Rabiee, Mohammad Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Siavash Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Fatemeh Rajati, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Puja C. Rao, Davide Rasella, Goura Kishor Rath, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Vishnu Renjith, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Anas M. Saad, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Yahya Safari, Rajesh Sagar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Ahsan Saleem, Marwa Rashad Salem, Hosni Salem, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Itamar S. Santos, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Mehdi Sayyah, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Lauren E. Schaeffer, David C. Schwebel, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Amira A. Shaheen, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S. Shalash, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammadbagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Rajesh Sharma, Aziz Sheikh, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, K.M. Shivakumar, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Ambrish Singh, Virendra Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Eirini Skiadaresi, David L. Smith, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Anton Sokhan, Joan B. Soriano, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Bryan L. Sykes, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Bineyam Taye, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Akhil Soman Thekkepurakkal, Nihal Thomas, Robert L. Thompson, Alan J. Thomson, Roman Topor-Madry, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Irfan Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A. Uthman, Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu, Pascual R. Valdez, Santosh Varughese, Yousef Veisani, Francesco S. Violante, Sebastian Vollmer, Feleke Gebremeskel Whawariat, Yasir Waheed, Mitchell Taylor Wallin, Yuan-Pang Wang, Yafeng Wang, Kinley Wangdi, Daniel J. Weiss, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, Ronny Westerman, Taweewat Wiangkham, Kirsten E. Wiens, Tissa Wijeratne, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Mehdi Yaseri, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Alex Yeshaneh, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z. Younis, Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Siddhesh Zadey, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Hamed Zandian, Heather J. Zar, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Yunquan Zhang, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Yves Miel H. Zuniga, Simon I. Hay, Robert C. Reiner
Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy, Management, and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Urology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research and Operations, Foundation for Scientific Research (FORS), Cotonou, Benin; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Population Health Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Nepal Health Frontiers, University of Southern Denmark, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Center for Policy, Population & Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Economics and Rural Development Department, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States; Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States; Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia; Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, Najaf, Iraq; Center for Health System Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Health and Nutrition Research Center, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Population Health Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Health Systems Research Center, Cuernavaca, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Medical Research Center, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Economic Sciences, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Nutrition, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Neuroradiology Division, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; School of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Disciple of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Babol, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Biology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Pune, India; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal, India; Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Internal Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of General Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia; Transplant Service, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia; School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Malaria Atlas Project, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Faculty of Business and Economics, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Springfield, MA, United States; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Injury Division, New Delhi, India; The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; N. A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Scientific Research, High Technology Services, Panama City, Panama; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Southgate Institute for Health and Society, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Disease Burden Department, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Central University Tami Nadu, Thiruvarur, India; Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Neonatal Nursing Department, St Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Nursing Department, St Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Ambo, Ethiopia; Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, Mumbai, India; Department of Population Studies, Mumbai, India; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; World Health, Université du Québec en Abitibi- Témiscamingue, Quebec, QC, Canada; Department of Community Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya; Health Information, World Health Organization (WHO), Tripoli, Libya; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Independent Consultant, Awka, Nigeria; International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Public Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany; Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Courseware Development and Production, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health and Behavioral Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama; Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitário, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Epidemiology Unit, Agency for Health Protection, Milan, Italy; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China; Medical Resources, March of Dimes, Arlington, VA, United States; Health Policy, Management and Leadership, West Virginia University, School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macao; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Dental Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia; Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Management and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Institute for Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan, Iran; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Institute of Radiation Problems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Medical Director, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Quezon City, Philippines; Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health & Population, Aswan, Egypt; Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysooru, India; Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka, India; Department of Clinical Physiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; School of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Economics, Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; ICF International, DHS Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research & Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals, Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; Women's Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Forestry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Semera, Ethiopia; Health and Environmental Sciences Department, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; National Center for Health Insurance Research, Iran Health Insurance Organization, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College for Women & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Children's Hospital & The Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; School of Health Sciences, Surgical Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, WA, Australia; Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, New Delhi, India; Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, National Institute of Health Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Clinical Research Center, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia; Center for Studies in Social Protection and Health Economics, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Bucuresti, Romania; Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Ambala, India; School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; River Region Cardiology Associates, Montgomery, WV, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Muharraq Governorate, Bahrain; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Agrosavia, Palmira, Colombia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India; PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India; Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life, and Social Welfare, Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine, BLDE University, Vijayapur, India; University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India; Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Public Health Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India; Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil; School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, United Kingdom; Department of Diseases and Non-communicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil; Health Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Princess University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Criminology, Law, and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; Research and Development Center for Humanities and Health Management, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Department of Global Health Research, Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Maurice Wilkins Centre, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Foundation University, Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura Anuradhapuraya, Sri Lanka; Department of Health Economics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan; Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Neuropsychopharmaology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Health care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; #MentalHealthPH, Quezon City, Philippines; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Science, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States
