Tahvi D. Frank, Austin Carter, Deepa Jahagirdar, Molly H. Biehl, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, Samantha Leigh Larson, Megha Arora, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Krista M. Steuben, Hedayat Abbastabar, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Direslgne Misker Abyu, Maryam Adabi, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Alireza Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Elham Ahmadian, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Chalachew Genet Akal, Fares Alahdab, Noore Alam, Samuel B. Albertson, Birhan Tamene T. Alemnew, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Vahid Alipour, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Zohreh Anbari, Nahla Hamed Anber, Mina Anjomshoa, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Daniel Asmelash, Anemaw A. Asrat, Euripide F.G.A. Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Nefsu Awoke, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Samad Azari, Alaa Badawi, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Maciej Banach, Aleksandra Barac, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Sanjay Basu, Neeraj Bedi, Masoud Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Saba Abraham Belay, Yared Belete Belay, Yaschilal Muche Muche Belayneh, Adugnaw Berhane, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Helen Bitew, Andrew Blinov, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Sharath B.N. Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A. Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Félix Carvalho, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Raquel Crider, Tukur Dahiru, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Ahmad Daryani, José Das Neves, Jan-Walter De Neve, Louisa Degenhardt, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Asmamaw Bizuneh Bizuneh Demis, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Kebede Deribe, Don Des Jarlais, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Linh Phuong Doan, Herbert Duber, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bereket Duko Adema, Andem Effiong, Aziz Eftekhari, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Ziad El-Khatib, Aisha Elsharkawy, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Oghenowede Eyawo, Farshad Farzadfar, Batool Fatima, Netsanet Fentahun, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Kelali Kalaye Gebreyohannes, Getnet Azeze Gedefaw, Belayneh K. Gelaw, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Birhanu Geta, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Themba T.G. Ginindza, Harish Chander Gugnani, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Michael Tamene Haile, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Samer Hamidi, Senad Handanagic, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Simon I. Hay, Andualem Henok, Chi Linh Hoang, H. Dean Hosgood, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mohamed Hsairi, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Bulat Idrisov, Kevin S. Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Spencer L. James, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Jost B. Jonas, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amir Kasaeian, Belete Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Gbenga A. Kayode, Mihiretu M. Kebede, Adane Teshome Kefale, Andre Pascal Kengne, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Junaid Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Khaled Khatab, Salman Khazaei, Abdullah T. Khoja, Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Sonali Kochhar, Hamidreza Komaki, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, G. Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Desmond Kuupiel, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Jane Jean-Hee Lee, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Emilie R. Maddison, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Marek Majdan, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Navid Manafi, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anthony Masaka, Emmanuel Ngassa Laurent Mayenga, Varshil Mehta, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Peter T.N. Memiah, Ziad A. Memish, Alemayehu Toma Mena, Walter Mendoza, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Getnet Mengistu, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ted R. Miller, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Yousef Mohammad, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Moslem Mohammadi, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H. Mokdad, Yoshan Moodley, Maryam Moossavi, Ghobad Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Marilita M. Moschos, Tilahun Belete Mossie, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Moses K. Muriithi, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Molly R. Nixon, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Mehdi Noroozi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Mohammed Suleiman Obsa, Emmanuel Ankrah Odame, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Anselm Okoro, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew T. Olagunju, Tinuke O. Olagunju, Solomon Olum, Kwaku Oppong Asante, Eyal Oren, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, P.A. Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Smita Pakhale, Amir H. Pakpour, Sangram Kishor Patel, Kebreab Paulos, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Emmanuel K. Peprah, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Akram Pourshams, Mostafa Qorbani, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Salman Rawaf, Cesar Reis, Vishnu Renjith, Melese Abate Reta, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Elias E.M. Merdassa Roro, Ali Rostami, Salvatore Rubino, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Saeed Safari, Rajesh Sagar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Marwa R. Rashad Salem, Yahya Salimi, Joshua A. Salomon, Evanson Zondani Sambala, Abdallah M. Samy, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Mehdi Sayyah, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Amira A. Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Hamid Sharifi, Kenji Shibuya, Jae Il Shin, Reza Shirkoohi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Jasvinder A. Singh, Malede Mequanent M. Sisay, Mekonnen Sisay, Solomon Sisay, Amanda E. Smith, Anton Sokhan, Ranjani Somayaji, Sergey Soshnikov, Dan J. Stein, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Bruno F. Sunguya, Bryan L. Sykes, Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Koku Sisay Tamirat, Nuno Taveira, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Habtamu Denekew Temesgen, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Manaye Yihune Teshale, Subash Thapa, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Stephanie M. Topp, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Irfan Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Olalekan A. Uthman, Yousef Veisani, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Fiseha Wadilo Wada, Yasir Waheed, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Girmay Teklay T. Weldesamuel, Ronny Westerman, Tissa Wijeratne, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Berhanu Yazew Wondmagegn, Addisu Gize Yeshanew, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Ebrahim M. Yimer, Naohiro Yonemoto, Marcel Yotebieng, Yoosik Youm, Chuanhua Yu, Zoubida Zaidi, Afshin Zarghi, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Mohsen Naghavi, Stein Emil Vollset, Haidong Wang, Stephen S. Lim, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Christopher J.L. Murray
Background Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980-2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. Methods We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package - a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce agesex- specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. Findings Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87-2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91-1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79-3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63-2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8-39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. Interpretation Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact. © 2019 The Author(s).
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health/Epidemiology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Aksum University College of Health Science, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Hamadan, Iran; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Hamadan, Iran; In-Service Training, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Hamadan, Iran; ACS Medical College and Hospital, Hamadan, Iran; College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Health Systems and Public Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Cochrane Center, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Herston, QLD, Australia; Department of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Nursing Department, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Informatics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Health Care Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Biomedical Sciences Division, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Institute of Biomedical Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Pharmacoepidemiology and Social Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Contrôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Nursing Department, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Pharmacy Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; AC Environments Foundation, Mexico; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, United States; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh; Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Department of Technological Entrepreneurship, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; HTC Chemrar, Khimki, Russian Federation; Department of Environmental Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Bangalore, India; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Center for Health Systems Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; China Institute, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Board of Directors, Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, HI, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Nursing, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Neonatal Nursing Department, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Nursing Department, College of Health Science, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal; Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico; Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Health Service Management, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; Department of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Basic Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Human Development Programme, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; College of Graduate Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Anesthesia, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Midwifery, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Cancer Institute (WIA), Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Tuberculosis Department, Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique; Tuberculosis Department, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Medical Parasitology Department, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Gate Institute for Health Society and Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Discipline of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil; Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Emergency Department, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Public Health Andrija Stampar, WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Strategic Information, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Health Science, Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; Tabriz, Iran; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Information Technology Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia; Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Infectious Diseases Department, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Health Science College, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology, Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Prevention and Evaluation Department, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan; Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Population Studies Department, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Faculty of Health and Well-Being, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Nursing, St John of God Hospital, Duayaw Nkwanta, Ghana; Department of Cardiology, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt; National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS, Mexico City, Mexico; National Institute of Health, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, IUMS, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Preventive Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Internal Medicine, SevenHills Hospital, Mumbai, India; Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States; Policy, Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation Department, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Department, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Founder, Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Founder, Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Accra, Ghana; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Research, Measurement, and Results, Society for Family Health, Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; HAST, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Osakhati, Namibia; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; Committee for the Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal University, Mangaluru, India; Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Nursing, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; Research and Evaluation Department, Population Council, New Delhi, India; Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Medichem, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Sweidi Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, North-West University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea; Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Karachi, Pakistan; HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Institute for Population Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil; Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil; Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark; Medical Department, German Leprosy and TB Relief Association Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Research Development Department, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health(FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health(FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; University Institute Egas Moniz, Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; James Cook University, Douglas, Australia; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Public Health Evidence South Asia, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up, German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
