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Criqui, Christopher Stephen Crowe, Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno, Ahmad Daryani, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Diego De Leo, Meaza Girma Degefa, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Kebede Deribe, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Daniel Diaz, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Shirin Djalalinia, David Teye Doku, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, David Edvardsson, Ziad El-Khatib, Matthias Endres, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Farzaneh Farhadi, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Batool Fatima, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Takeshi Fukumoto, Morsaleh Ganji, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Miguel A. Garcia-Gordillo, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Belayneh K. Gelaw, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Demeke Geremew, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Mahari Y. Gidey, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Elena V. 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Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Public Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Research, Evidence and Policy Department, Meningitis Research Foundation, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Veterans Affairs Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France; Department of Surgery, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; James Cancer Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy; Institute of Neurological Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana; Neurosurgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Neuro Centre, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Brain Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Community-Based Participatory-Research Center (CBPR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Montreal Neuroimaging Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France; Institute of Epidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Anatomy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Community Cardiovascular Research Unit, Elyon Heart Rehabilitation Center, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India; Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedical, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health Education & Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Algeria; Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; South Asian Public Health Forum, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Transplant Services, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical & Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France; Dijon Stroke Registry – UFR Sciences Santé, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Pharmacy Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Anatomy and Embryology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Human Development Programme, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh; Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Neurology, Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico; Ministry of Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece; Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Neurology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico; Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Public Health Department, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; Department of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Cancer Institute (WIA), Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; Non Communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Faculty of Business and Management, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; School of Pharmacy, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Research, Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy; Commissioner of Public Health, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States; Department of Health Policy, Management & Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam; Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam; University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Atlantis, FL, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Atlantis, FL, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Medical Clinic V, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Public Health, Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, India; School of Public Health, Department of Health Informatics and Health Innovation, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia; ACS Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States; Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States; ODeL Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan; Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Research Department, Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya; Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Helpmesee, New York, NY, United States; International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Innovation Office, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Jena, Germany; General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust (NHS), Liverpool, United Kingdom; Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurology Department, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Ophthalmology, IUMS, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Internal Medicine, Sevenhills Hospital, Mumbai, India; Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States; Research Department Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Emergency Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India; Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Neurology, Oasi Research Institute, Troina, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Neurosciences, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Mcmaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India; Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India; Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia; Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Department of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Askok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Medichem, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Research and Evaluation Division, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Neurology, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando De La Mora, Paraguay; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Internal Medicine Servcies, Ballarat Health Service, Ballarat, VIC, Australia; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Research Deputy, Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil; Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurological Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland; Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad De Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurophysiotherapy, The Oxford College of Physiotherapy, Bangalore, India; Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Occupational Health Unit, Sant’orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Biomedical Research Council, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan; Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardebil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
