Saeid Safiri, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Kevin S. Ikuta, Catherine Bisignano, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Alireza Delavari, Reza Ansari, Gholamreza Roshandel, Shahin Merat, Christina Fitzmaurice, Lisa M. Force, Molly R. Nixon, Hedayat Abbastabar, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Mohsen Afarideh, Ayat Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tomi Akinyemiju, Fares Alahdab, Raghib Ali, Mahtab Alikhani, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Nahla Hamed Anber, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Jalal Arabloo, Zohreh Arefi, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Abbas Azadmehr, Alaa Badawi, Nafiseh Baheiraei, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Huda Basaleem, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Tone Bjørge, Antonio M. Borzì, Cristina Bosetti, Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Giulia Carreras, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Ester Cerin, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi, Ahmad Daryani, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Rupak Desai, Mostafa Dianati Nasab, Aziz Eftekhari, Iman El Sayed, Iffat Elbarazi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Aman Yesuf Endries, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Alireza Esteghamati, Arash Etemadi, Farshad Farzadfar, Eduarda Fernandes, João C. Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Mohamed M. Gad, Silvano Gallus, Fatemeh Ghaseni-Kebria, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Giuseppe Gorini, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Susan Hasanpour-Heidari, Amir Hasanzadeh, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I. Hay, Chi Linh Hoang, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D. Ilic, Kaire Innos, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Farhad Islami, Anelisa Jaca, Nader Jafari Balalami, Nastaran Jafari Delouei, Morteza Jafarinia, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Spencer L. James, Mehdi Javanbakht, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Farahnaz Joukar, Amir Kasaeian, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Mesfin Wudu Kassaw, Andre Pascal Kengne, Yousef Saleh Khader, Mojtaba Khaksarian, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Maryam Khazaee-Pool, Salman Khazaei, Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani, Jagdish Khubchandani, Daniel Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Hamidreza Komaki, Jacek A. Kopec, Ai Koyanagi, Ernst J. Kuipers, Vivek Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Faris Hasan Lami, Alan D. Lopez, Platon D. Lopukhov, Raimundas Lunevicius, Azeem Majeed, Maryam Majidinia, Amir Manafi, Navid Manafi, Ana-Laura Manda, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Dhruv Mehta, Toni Meier, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Walter Mendoza, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Hamed Mirzaei, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H. Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Maryam Moossavi, Ghobad Moradi, Farhad Moradpour, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Azin Nahvijou, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Javad Nazari, Ionut Negoi, Serban Negru, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Andrew T. Olagunju, Tinuke O. Olagunju, Adrian Pana, David M. Pereira, Majid Pirestani, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Mostafa Qorbani, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Marveh Rahmati, Fatemeh Rajati, Samira Raoofi, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Robert C. Reiner, Andre M N. Renzaho, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Anas M. Saad, Seyedmohammad Saadatagah, Basema Saddik, Farkhonde Salehi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Inbal Salz, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Milena M. Santric Milicevic, Arash Sarveazad, Maheswar Satpathy, Ione J C. Schneider, Mario Sekerija, Faramarz Shaahmadi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Zeinab Sharafi, Mehdi Sharif, Amrollah Sharifi, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Reza Shirkoohi, Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Mekonnen Sisay, Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache, Moslem Soofi, Kjetil Soreide, Sergey Soshnikov, Vladimir I. Starodubov, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Mark Sullman, Amir Taherkhani, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Roman Topor-Madry, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Irfan Ullah, Olalekan A. Uthman, Marco Vacante, Amir Vahedian-Azimi, Alessandro Valli, Elena Varavikova, Isidora S. Vujcic, Ronny Westerman, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Engida Yisma, Chuanhua Yu, Vesna Zadnik, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Leila Zaki, Hamed Zandian, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Christopher J L. Murray, Mohsen Naghavi, Reza Malekzadeh
Background: Data about the global, regional, and country-specific variations in the levels and trends of colorectal cancer are required to understand the impact of this disease and the trends in its burden to help policy makers allocate resources. Here we provide a status report on the incidence, mortality, and disability caused by colorectal cancer in 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017. Methods: Vital registration, sample vital registration, verbal autopsy, and cancer registry data were used to generate incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) estimates of colorectal cancer at the global, regional, and national levels. We also determined the association between development levels and colorectal cancer age-standardised DALY rates, and calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. All of the estimates are reported as counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 person-years, with some estimates also presented by sex and 5-year age groups. Findings: In 2017, there were 1·8 million (95% UI 1·8–1·9) incident cases of colorectal cancer globally, with an age-standardised incidence rate of 23·2 (22·7–23·7) per 100 000 person-years that increased by 9·5% (4·5–13·5) between 1990 and 2017. Globally, colorectal cancer accounted for 896 000 (876 300–915 700) deaths in 2017, with an age-standardised death rate of 11·5 (11·3–11·8) per 100 000 person-years, which decreased between 1990 and 2017 (−13·5% [–18·4 to −10·0]). Colorectal cancer was also responsible for 19·0 million (18·5–19·5) DALYs globally in 2017, with an age-standardised rate of 235·7 (229·7–242·0) DALYs per 100 000 person-years, which decreased between 1990 and 2017 (−14·5% [–20·4 to −10·3]). Slovakia, the Netherlands, and New Zealand had the highest age-standardised incidence rates in 2017. Greenland, Hungary, and Slovakia had the highest age-standardised death rates in 2017. Numbers of incident cases and deaths were higher among males than females up to the ages of 80–84 years, with the highest rates observed in the oldest age group (≥95 years) for both sexes in 2017. There was a non-linear association between the Socio-demographic Index and the Healthcare Access and Quality Index and age-standardised DALY rates. In 2017, the three largest contributors to DALYs at the global level, for both sexes, were diet low in calcium (20·5% [12·9–28·9]), alcohol use (15·2% [12·1–18·3]), and diet low in milk (14·3% [5·1–24·8]). Interpretation: There is substantial global variation in the burden of colorectal cancer. Although the overall colorectal cancer age-standardised death rate has been decreasing at the global level, the increasing age-standardised incidence rate in most countries poses a major public health challenge across the world. The results of this study could be useful for policy makers to carry out cost-effective interventions and to reduce exposure to modifiable risk factors, particularly in countries with high incidence or increasing burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Oromia, Ethiopia; Radiotherapy Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait City, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Central, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Division, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Division of Diseases, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; University of Aden, Aden, Yemen; Department of Physiology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine (MEDBIO), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd sector, Bucharest, Romania; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd sector, Bucharest, Romania; General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd sector, Bucharest, Romania; Surgery 2nd Department-SUUB, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd sector, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf, Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Semnan, Iran; Public Health Department, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran; Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Guilan, Iran; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Surgery 2nd Department, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Division of Information and Computing Technology, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, Doha, Qatar; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Global Health, Economics, and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia; Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States; Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Centre for Evidence Based Health Care, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Department of Psychosis, Babol Nushirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran; Clinical Medicine and Community Health, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Immunology, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Isfahan, Iran; Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom; Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Amhara, Ethiopia; Amhara Public Health Institute, Bair Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Academy of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada; CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom; Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 5th sector, Bucharest, Romania; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary Disease, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States; Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany; Innovation Office, Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Lima, Peru; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland; Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Department of Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia; Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz, Iran; Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Medichem, Barcelona, Spain; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Deputy, Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran; Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Hematology-Oncology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, United States; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway; Research Development, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up, German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany; Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
