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Antonio, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Zohreh Arefi, Olatunde Aremu, Filippo Ariani, Amit Arora, Malke Asaad, Babak Asghari, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Samad Azari, Ghasem Azarian, Alaa Badawi, Ashish D. Badiye, Eleni Bagli, Atif Amin Baig, Mohan Bairwa, Ahad Bakhtiari, Arun Balachandran, Maciej Banach, Srikanta K. Banerjee, Palash Chandra Banik, Amrit Banstola, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H. Barrero, Akbar Barzegar, Mohsen Bayati, Bayisa Abdissa Baye, Neeraj Bedi, Masoud Behzadifar, Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma, Habte Belete, Corina Benjet, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Guilherme Borges, Antonio Maria Borzì, Soufiane Boufous, Alexandra Brazinova, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Shyam S. Budhathoki, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Félix Carvalho, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Giulio Castelpietra, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ester Cerin, Joht S. Chandan, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Irini Chatziralli, Neha Chaudhary, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Maria-Magdalena Constantin, Vera M. Costa, Giovanni Damiani, Ahmad Daryani, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Afshin Derakhshani, Kebede Deribe, Rupak Desai, Mostafa Dianati Nasab, Diana Dias da Silva, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Kerrie E. Doyle, Tim Robert Driscoll, Eleonora Dubljanin, Bereket Duko Adema, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Aziz Eftekhari, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Ziad El-Khatib, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Daniel Adane Endalew, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Pawan Sirwan Faris, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Yousef Fatahi, Wubalem Fekadu, Tomas Y. Ferede, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Pietro Ferrara, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Berhe Gebremichael, Getnet Azeze Gedefaw, Birhanu Geta, Mansour Ghafourifard, Farhad Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Asadollah Gholamian, Tiffany K. Gill, Alessandra C. Goulart, Ayman Grada, Michal Grivna, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Yuming Guo, Gaurav Gupta, Juanita A. Haagsma, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Brian James Hall, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Josep Maria Haro, Md Mehedi Hasan, Amir Hasanzadeh, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Khezar Hayat, Delia Hendrie, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Martha Híjar, Hung Chak Ho, Chi Linh Hoang, Michael K. Hole, Ramesh Holla, Naznin Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Endang Indriasih, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, M. Mofizul Islam, Rebecca Q. Ivers, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Farzad Jalilian, Sudha Jayaraman, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ravi Prakash Jha, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Jost B. Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Leila R. Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Teshome Abegaz Kamil, Tanuj Kanchan, Neeti Kapoor, Manoochehr Karami, Amir Kasaeian, Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye, Taras Kavetskyy, Hafte Kahsay Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Bayew Kelkay, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Rovshan Khalilov, Mohammad Khammarnia, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maseer Khan, Tripti Khanna, Habibolah Khazaie, Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani, Roba Khundkar, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Young-Eun Kim, Daniel Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Hamidreza Komaki, Shivakumar K.M. Kondlahalli, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Ai Koyanagi, Moritz U.G. Kraemer, Kewal Krishan, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Nuworza Kugbey, Vivek Kumar, Nithin Kumar, G. Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Girikumar Kumaresh, Om P. Kurmi, Oluwatosin Kuti, Carlo La Vecchia, Faris Hasan Lami, Prabhat Lamichhane, Justin J. Lang, Van C. Lansingh, Dennis Odai Laryea, Savita Lasrado, Arman Latifi, Paolo Lauriola, Janet L. 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Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Cardiovascular Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Egypt; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Medicine Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China; Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Health Sciences - Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children'sHospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Physiotherapy Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Alexandria Center for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy; School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Microbiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Azad Tabriz University, Iran; Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina, Greece; Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; School of Health Sciences, Univeristi Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Health Policy And Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; School of Health Sciences, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Institute of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, United States; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Research Department, Golden Community, Kathmandu, Nepal; Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy; National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece; Ophthalmology Private Practice Office, Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, ACT, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; 2nd Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Population and Development, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; National Institute for Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada; Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Biology and Biotechnolaniogy"L Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Nursing Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; REQUIMTE, LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; School of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia; Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Technical College of Health, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Iraq; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico; CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh; Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India; Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion, Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department for Health Care and Public Health, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; School of Public Health, Department of Health Informatics and Health Innovation, A C S Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Applied Physics, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland; Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine; Department of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Health Care Management, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, zahedan, Iran; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Deemed University, karad, India; CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Health and Nutrition Section, United Nations Childrens' Fund (UNICEF), Accra, Ghana; Department of Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Disease Control Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; College of Medicine, Pathology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Public Health Research Department, National Health Institute Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia; Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India; Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India; Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom; Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Department, George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; College of Health Science, Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Clinical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, ZoraProfozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases and Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; President's Office, National Institute of Statistics Romania, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Center, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Knowledge Translation and Utilization, Egyptian Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Egypt; Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russian Federation; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Cochrane Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Disease Surveillance and Epidemic Response, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Discipline of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Academic Department, Unium Ltd, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, OttawaON, Canada; Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India; Indian Institute of Health Management Research University Delhi, Jaipur, India; Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India; Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia; Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; College of Graduate Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, EdmontonAB, Canada; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India; School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran; Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, United States; Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay; Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nanobiotechnology Center, Soran University, Iraq; Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Deputy, Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, NSW, Australia; Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty Member of Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Microbiology Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea; Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; 2nd Department of Surgery-SUUB, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; 2nd Surgery Department, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Pain Management Research Institute (PMRI), Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Michael J Cousins Pain Management and Research Centre, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Public Health, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch town sikela, Ethiopia; Axum College of Health Science, mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Psychiatry Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, A T Still University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Research Department, National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS), Islamabad, Pakistan; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center of Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, OttawaON, Canada; Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, Academy of Medical Science, Sari, Iran; School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Environment Health Engineering, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
