Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Ashkan Afshin, Emmanuela Gakidou, Stephen S. Lim, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Semaw F. Abera, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Pawan Acharya, Abdu A. Adamu, Akilew Awoke Adane, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Zanfina Ademi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Mina G. Adib, Amha Admasie, Jose C. Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi, Mohsen Afarideh, Gina Agarwal, Anju Aggarwal, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Samiah Alam, Tahiya Alam, Alaa Alashi, Seyed Moayed Alavian, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Komal Ali, Syed Mustafa Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala’a Alkerwi, François Alla, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T. Amare, Walid Ammar, Nahla Hamed Anber, Jason A. Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Josep M. Antó, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Lambert Tetteh Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Johan Ärnlöv, Al Artaman, Krishna K. Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Zerihun Ataro, Marcel Ausloos, Euripide F.G.A. Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Rakesh Ayer, Tambe B. Ayuk, Peter S. Azzopardi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Kylie Ball, Shoshana H. Ballew, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Aleksandra Barac, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H. Barrero, Sanjay Basu, Bernhard T. Baune, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Eyasu Tamru Bekru, Ezra Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L. Bell, Aminu K. Bello, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Gilles Bergeron, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S. Bernstein, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Suraj Bhattarai, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Donal Bisanzio, Tuhin Biswas, Tone Bjørge, Brigette F. Blacker, Archie Bleyer, Rohan Borschmann, Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Oliver J. Brady, Michael Brauer, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J.K. Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Rachelle Buchbinder, Richard T. Burnett, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A. Butt, Leah E. Cahill, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Juan J. Carrero, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Kate Causey, Kelly M. Cercy, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Kai-Lan Chang, Fiona J. Charlson, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Miao Li Chee, Ching-Yu Cheng, Adrienne Chew, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ken Lee Chin, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J. Choi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Massimo Cirillo, Aaron J. Cohen, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Cyrus Cooper, Owen R. Cooper, Josef Coresh, Leslie Cornaby, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Megan Costa, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H. Criqui, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, David K. Cundiff, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Sarah C. Darby, Paul I. Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Robert P. Dellavalle, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Aniruddha Deshpande, Don C. Des Jarlais, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Gabrielle Aline Deveber, Subhojit Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Eric L. Ding, Helen Derara Diro, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Kerrie E. Doyle, Tim R. Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre R. Duraes, Natalie Ebert, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, David Edvardsson, Andem Effiong, Anne Elise Eggen, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Ziad El-Khatib, Iqbal Rf Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Holly E. Erskine, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Hamed Fakhim, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Talha A. Farid, Carla Sofia E. Sá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Maryam S. Farvid, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Batool Fatima, Kairsten A. Fay, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Valery L. Feigin, Andrea B. Feigl, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C. Fernandes, Giannina Ferrara, Alize J. Ferrari, Manuela L. Ferreira, Irina Filip, Jonas David Finger, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A. Foigt, Kyle J. Foreman, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M. Furtado, Neal D. Futran, Seana Gall, Silvano Gallus, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Morsaleh Ganji, Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro, William M. Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Peter W. Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Reza Ghadimi, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Mamata Ghimire, Rakesh Ghosh, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Simona Giampaoli, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Richard F. Gillum, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, William W. Godwin, Srinivas Goli, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N. Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alessandra C. Goulart, Ayman Grada, Morgan E. Grams, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Yuming Guo, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Daniela S. Gutiérrez-Torres, Juanita A. Haagsma, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Tekleberhan B. Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J. Handal, Graeme J. Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L. Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Josep Maria Haro, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Caitlin N. Hawley, Simon I. Hay, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Mohsen Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn T. Hibstu, Tarig B. Higazi, Esayas Haregot Hilawe, Hans W. Hoek, Howard J. Hoffman, Michael K. Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H. Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Damian G. Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Thomas Hsiao, Guoqing Hu, Howard Hu, John J. Huang, Mamusha Aman Hussen, Chantal K. Huynh, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Nayu Ikeda, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Maria D. Jackson, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Spencer L. James, Simerjot K. Jassal, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Jost B. Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Surya Kant, Chittaranjan Kar, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Narges Karimi, Seyed M. Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H. Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Adane Teshome Kefale, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Gulfaraz Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Muhammad Ali Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mona M. Khater, Mohammad Khazaei, Habibolah Khazaie, Abdullah T. Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Cho-Il Kim, Daniel Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimäki, Luke D. Knibbs, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A. Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael A. Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Kristopher J. Krohn, Hans Kromhout, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G. Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Igor Kuzin, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Carl Lachat, Deepesh P. Lad, Sheetal D. Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Faris Hasan Lami, Justin J. Lang, Van C. Lansingh, Samantha Leigh Larson, Arman Latifi, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Paul H. Lee, James Leigh, Mostafa Leili, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Yichong Li, Juan Liang, Xiaofeng Liang, Yu Liao, Misgan Legesse Liben, Lee-Ling Lim, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Giancarlo Logroscino, Alan D. Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Tim C.D. Lucas, Raimundas Lunevicius, Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Ísis Eloah Machado, Fabiana Madotto, Hue Thi Mai, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Ana-Laura Manda, Helena Manguerra, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Joemer C. Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Ashley Marks, Randall V. Martin, Sheila C.O. Martins, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Winfried März, Melvin B. Marzan, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Prashant Mathur, Kunihiro Matsushita, Pallab K. Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M. Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Toni Meier, Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen, Yohannes A. Melaku, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Peter T.N. Memiah, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, George A. Mensah, Gert B.M. Mensink, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Anoushka I. Millear, Ted R. Miller, Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie, G.K. Mini, Mojde Mirarefin, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Habtamu Mitiku, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Moslem Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H. Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Fatemeh Momeniha, Lorenzo Monasta, Yoshan Moodley, Ghobad Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mehdi Moradinazar, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Joana Morgado-Da-Costa, Shane Douglas Morrison, Marilita M. Moschos, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Dariush Mozaffarian, Kalayu Brhane Mruts, Achenef Asmamaw Muche, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Oumer Sada Muhammed, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Kate Muller, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Ashraf F. Nabhan, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Azin Nahvijou, Gurudatta Naik, Nitish Naik, Farid Najafi, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Bruce Neal, Nahid Neamati, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Subas Neupane, Charles Richard James Newton, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anh Quynh Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Ha Thu Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Huong Thanh Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Nam Ba Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Jing Nie, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Nobuo Nishi, Molly R. Nixon, Marzieh Nojomi, Shuhei Nomura, Ole F. Norheim, Mehdi Noroozi, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Hamid Reza Nouri, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Mohammad Reza Nowroozi, Elaine O. Nsoesie, Peter S. Nyasulu, Carla M. Obermeyer, Christopher M. Odell, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew T. Olagunju, Tinuke O. Olagunju, Pedro R. Olivares, Helen Elizabeth Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Kanyin L. Ong, Sok King Ong, Eyal Oren, Heather M. Orpana, Alberto Ortiz, Erika Ota, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Simon Øverland, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, P.A. Mahesh, Rosana Pacella, Abhijit P. Pakhare, Amir H. Pakpour, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D.H. Parry, Hadi Parsian, Shanti Patel, Sanghamitra Pati, Snehal T. Patil, Ajay Patle, George C. Patton, Deepak Paudel, Katherine R. Paulson, Wayra Citlali Paz Ballesteros, Neil Pearce, Alexandre Pereira, David M. Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Max Petzold, Hai Quang Pham, Michael R. Phillips, Julian David Pillay, Michael A. Piradov, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Tobias Pischon, Farhad Pishgar, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Dietrich Plass, Suzanne Polinder, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Maarten J. Postma, Richie Poulton, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Swayam Prakash, Narayan Prasad, Caroline A. Purcell, Manorama B. Purwar, Mostafa Qorbani, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Zohreh Rahimi, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Fatemeh Rajati, Sasa Rajsic, Sree Bhushan Raju, Usha Ram, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Prabhat Ranjan, Goura Kishor Rath, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, K. Srinath Reddy, Colin D. Rehm, Jürgen Rehm, Robert C. Reiner, Marissa B. Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M.N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu, Satar Rezaei, Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro, Juan A. Rivera, Kedir Teji Roba, Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez, Leonardo Roever, Yesenia Román, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ali Rostami, Gregory A. Roth, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Ambuj Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, Lesley Rushton, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Perminder S. Sachdev, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Hosein Safari, Yahya Safari, Roya Safari-Faramani, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Haniye Sadat Sajadi, Nasir Salam, Payman Salamati, Zikria Saleem, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Joshua A. Salomon, Devashri Digvijay Salvi, Inbal Salz, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Tania G. Sánchez-Pimienta, Taren Sanders, Yingying Sang, Damian Francesco Santomauro, Itamar S. Santos, João Vasco Santos, Milena M. Santric Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Mayank Sardana, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Arundhati R. Sawant, Monika Sawhney, Mete Saylan, Mehdi Sayyah, Elke Schaeffner, Maria Inês Schmidt, Ione J.C. Schneider, Ben Schöttker, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, James G. Scott, Soraya Seedat, Mario Sekerija, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Marc L. Serre, Edson Serván-Mori, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Gavin Shaddick, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Mehdi Shahbazi, Amira A. Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Teresa Shamah Levy, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammadbagher Shamsi, Heidar Sharafi, Kiomars Sharafi, Mehdi Sharif, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Hamid Sharifi, Jayendra Sharma, Meenakshi Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Aziz Sheikh, Peilin Shi, Kenji Shibuya, Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Min-Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Ivy Shiue, Farhad Shokraneh, Haitham Shoman, Mark G. Shrime, Matthew S. Shupler, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Abla Mehio Sibai, Tariq J. Siddiqi, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, João Pedro Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Jasvinder A. Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Virendra Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Eirini Skiadaresi, Vegard Skirbekk, David L. Smith, Mari Smith, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Soheila Sobhani, Ranjani Somayaji, Moslem Soofi, Reed J.D. Sorensen, Joan B. Soriano, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Angela Spinelli, Luciano A. Sposato, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Vinay Srinivasan, Vladimir I. Starodubov, Nadine Steckling, Dan J. Stein, Murray B. Stein, Goran Stevanovic, Leo Stockfelt, Mark A. Stokes, Lela Sturua, Michelle L. Subart, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Gerhard Sulo, Bruno F. Sunguya, Patrick John Sur, Bryan L. Sykes, Cassandra E.I. Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Ken Takahashi, Nikhil Tandon, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Nuno Taveira, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tigist Gashaw Tekalign, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Habtamu Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Belay Tessema, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Andrew Theis, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Hannah J. 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Walson, Yafeng Wang, Yanping Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G. Weintraub, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Andrea Werdecker, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, J. Jason West, Ronny Westerman, Harvey A. Whiteford, Justyna Widecka, Tissa Wijeratne, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Alison B. Wiyeh, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Tien Yin Wong, Shouling Wu, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu, Simon Yadgir, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Lijing L. Yan, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin, Alex Yeshaneh, Ebrahim M. Yimer, Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok-Jun Yoon, Marcel Yotebieng, Mustafa Z. Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Luis Zavala-Arciniega, Anthony Lin Zhang, Hao Zhang, Kai Zhang, Maigeng Zhou, Stephanie R.M. Zimsen, Sanjay Zodpey, Christopher J.L. Murray
Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Law Philosophy and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Uro-oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Community-Based Participatory-Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Montreal Neuroimaging Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Human Nutrition Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Anatomy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Biomedical Sciences Division, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health and Behavioural Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, University of Medical Science, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine; Department of Epidemiology, Cotonou, Benin; Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin; Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal; Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Emergency Department, Saint Mark Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; Department of Public Health, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo; Prefectoral Direction of the Health of the Zio, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Tsevie, Togo; Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia; Research Group of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia; Research Area for Informatics and Big Data, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Non Communicable Diseases, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India; Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Algeria; Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Internal Medicine Department, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA St Louis Health Care System, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; Research Committee, Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States; School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Monitoring Evaluation and Learning Unit, Mercy Corps, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Neurology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Institute of Public Health, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Sansom Institute, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Research on Population and Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Anatomy and Embryology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Tuberculosis Department, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Kabul, Afghanistan; Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Adum, Ghana; School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Contrôle Des Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Department of Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Division of Cardiovascular and Clinical Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Clinic V, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Heart and Vascular Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy; Department of Renal Medicine, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Environmental Health Science, Milan, Italy; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France; Dijon Stroke Registry - Ufr Sciences Santé, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; Public Health Department, Mizan- Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Pharmacy Department, Mizan- Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Mizan- Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, NY, United States; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Patient and Population, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; IAHR/ITM, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Patan, Nepal; Center for Excellence in Women and Child Health; Human Development Programme, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh; Global Health Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Population Health Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Vital and Health Statistics, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics Control, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Transport and Road Safety Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Committee for Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russian Federation; Neuroscience Department, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama; Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama; Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Center for Health Systems Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Tobacco Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Community Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Area de Estadística, Dirección Actuarial, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Brain Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States; Department of Development Studies, Mumbai, India; Department of Population Studies, Mumbai, India; Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, Mumbai, India; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Athens, Greece; Department of Statistics, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Baghdad, Iraq; Epidemiology and Disease Control, Baghdad, Iraq; Research Department, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq; NCD Prevention and Control Unit, Baghdad, Iraq; Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Baghdad, Iraq; Policy and Planning Division, Baghdad, Iraq; Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq; Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vellore, India; Department of Endocrinology, Vellore, India; Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy; Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Education, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; T Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine - Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Internal Medicine Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Council, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Dermatology Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Denver, CO, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Medical Directory, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Public Health Department, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Policy and Epidemiology Group, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Child and Youth Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; National Statistical Office, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Malaria Vaccines, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; National Centre for Disease Control, Manhiça, Mozambique; Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Allergy, Asthma, and Bronchitis Institute, Kolkota, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic, and Ageing-associated Diseases, National Public Health Institute, Rome, Italy; Center for Research in Evaluation and Surveys, National Public Health Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Commissioner of Public Health, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States; Department of Health Policy, Management and Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Population Health Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Cardiology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Health Education and Health Promotion Department, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Clinical Sciences Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Division of Scientific Programs, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India; University of Human Development, Department of Computer Science, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Population Health Metrics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Japan; International Center for Nutrition and Information, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Japan; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Department of Parasitic Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control Delhi, Delhi, India; Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Cardio-Metabolic Group, New Delhi, India; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; New South Wales Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Institution of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Nephrology, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, India; Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Quality and Equity Healthcare, Kigali, Rwanda; School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States; Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States; ODeL Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian, and African Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Cardiology, Assuta Hospital, Tel Aviv Yaffo, Israel; Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, India; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan; Department of Statistics, Azad University, Omidiyeh Branch, Iran; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, John H Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya; Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya; Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Centre for Disease Burden, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental and Physical Health, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada; Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Population and Work Ability Program, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq; Medical Officers, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; Relaciones Internacionales, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China; National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China; National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China, Chengdu, China; Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Center, Beijing, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of HongKong, Shatin, China; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Beijing, China; University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Innovation Office, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Jena, Germany; General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust (NHS), Liverpool, United Kingdom; Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Neurology Service, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Graduate School, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines; National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bengaluru, India; Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bengaluru, India; Division of Noncommunicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bengaluru, India; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom; Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Sevenhills Hospital, Mumbai, India; Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zagreb, Croatia; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Pharmacy, Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Zdroje Hospital, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Emergency Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States; President’s Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Santo Antonio Hospital, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Wiesbaden, Germany; Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up, Wiesbaden, Germany; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Economics and Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Ophthalmology, Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Cardiology Department, Cardio- Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Neurosciences Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Health Economics and Finance, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Sociology, Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan; Institute of Advanced Research, Aix-Marseille University, France; Accra, Ghana; School of Social Sciences and Psychology; Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Department of HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Namibia, Oshakati Campus, Namibia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria; Institute of Health Science, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Pneumology Service, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke’s International University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of TB and Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom; Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; Health, Nutrition, and HIV/AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia; Glenelg, SA, Australia; Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Environmental Hygiene, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany; German Federal Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Government Medical College, Nagpur, India; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Medichem, Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Nepal; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Biotechnology, Ikiam Amazon Regional University, Ciudad De Tena, Ecuador; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Anarkali, Pakistan; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Nephrology Group, Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, Regional Health Administration Do Norte I P, Vila Nova De Gaia, Portugal; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia; Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-west University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Preventive Dentistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil; Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Service of Pulmonology, Health Research Institute of the University Hospital “de la Princesa”, Madrid, Spain; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Russian Federation; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall I T, Austria; Non-communicable Diseases Department, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia; Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States; University Institute “Egas Moniz”, Monte Da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Syrian Expatriate Medical Association (SEMA), Charlottesville, VA, United States; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad De Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Cardiology Department, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Staufenberg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Medical Retina, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Kailuan General Hospital, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China; Department of Pharmacology, St John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
