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Antonio, Olatunde Aremu, Johan Ärnlöv, Al Artaman, Krishna K. Aryal, Reza Assadi, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Henok Tadesse Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Tambe B. Ayuk, Peter S. Azzopardi, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Maciej Banach, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Lope H. Barrero, Huda Basaleem, Estifanos Baye, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Yannick Béjot, Abate Bekele Belachew, Saba Abraham Belay, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S. Bernstein, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Tina Beyranvand, Soumyadeeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Nigus Bililign, Sait Mentes Birlik, Charles Birungi, Hailemichael Bizuneh, Peter Bjerregaard, Tone Bjørge, Guilherme Borges, Cristina Bosetti, Soufiane Boufous, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Hermann Brenner, Zahid A. Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Bianca Calabria, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Giulia Carreras, Juan J. Carrero, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Ferrán Catalá-López, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J. Charlson, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Liliana G. Ciobanu, Rafael M. Claro, Sara Conti, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H. Criqui, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Paul I. Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, José Das Neves, Kairat Davletov, Filipa De Castro, Barbora De Courten, Jan-Walter De Neve, Louisa Degenhardt, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Don C. Des Jarlais, Subhojit Dey, Rupinder Singh Dhaliwal, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, David Teye Doku, Kerrie E. Doyle, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Bruce B. Duncan, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Dumessa Edessa, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Sergei Petrovich Ermakov, Holly E. Erskine, Alireza Esteghamati, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Maryam S. Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L. Feigin, Mariana Santos Felisbino-Mendes, Eduarda Fernandes, Alize J. Ferrari, Cleusa P. Ferri, Daniel Obadare Fijabi, Irina Filip, Jonas David Finger, Florian Fischer, Abraham D. Flaxman, Richard Charles Franklin, Neal D. Futran, Silvano Gallus, Morsaleh Ganji, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Reza Ghadimi, Lilian A. Ghandour, Mamata Ghimire, Paramjit Singh Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Ababi Zergaw Z. Giref, Philimon N. Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Carolyn C. Gotay, Alessandra C. Goulart, Felix Greaves, Giuseppe Grosso, Yuming Guo, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Murthy Gvs, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Tekleberhan Beyene Hagos, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Graeme J. Hankey, Hilda L. Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Josep Maria Haro, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I. Hay, Behzad Heibati, Andualem Henok, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Norberto Francisco Hernández-Llanes, Claudiu Herteliu, Desalegn Ts Tsegaw Hibstu, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, H. Dean Hosgood, Mostafa Hosseini, Mihaela Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Hsiang Huang, Abdullatif Husseini, Bulat Idrisov, Bogdan Vasile Ileanu, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Maria D. Jackson, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Moti Tolera Jalu, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ravi Prakash Jha, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Umesh Kapil, Amir Kasaeian, Tesfaye D. Dessale Kassa, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Norito Kawakami, Seifu Kebede, Adane Teshome Kefale, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Andre Pascal Kengne, Yousef Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mona M. Khater, Jagdish Khubchandani, Cho-Il Kim, Daniel Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Mika Kivimäki, Sonali Kochhar, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Veena S. Kulkarni, Pushpendra Kumar, Alessandra Lafranconi, Arjun Lakshmana Balaji, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Hilton Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Qing Lan, Justin J. Lang, Sonia Lansky, Anders O. Larsson, Arman Latifi, Janet L. Leasher, Paul H. Lee, James Leigh, Mall Leinsalu, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Yichong Li, Lee-Ling Lim, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Andrea Lobato-Cordero, Alan D. Lopez, Paulo A. Lotufo, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Isis Eloah Machado, Fabiana Madotto, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Jose Martinez-Raga, Pallab K. Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Martin McKee, Varshil Mehta, Toni Meier, Tesfa Mekonen, Kidanu Gebremariam Meles, Addisu Melese, Peter T. N. 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Younis, Geevar Zachariah, Zoubida Zaidi, Mohammad Zamani, Xueying Zhang, Sanjay Zodpey, Ali H. Mokdad, Mohsen Naghavi, Christopher J. L. Murray, Emmanuela Gakidou
Background: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods: Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings: Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·5-3·0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6·8% (5·8-8·0) of agestandardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3·8% (95% UI 3·2-4·3) of female deaths and 12·2% (10·8-13·6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2·3% (95% UI 2·0-2·6) and male attributable DALYs were 8·9% (7·8-9·9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1·4% [95% UI 1·0-1·7] of total deaths), road injuries (1·2% [0·7-1·9]), and self-harm (1·1% [0·6-1·5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27·1% (95% UI 21·2-33·3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18·9% (15·3-22·6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0-0·8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; BWH Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Seattle Genetics, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Harar, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health and Health Service Management, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Alaide Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Law Philosophy and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Public Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Office of the Undersecretary of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Human Nutrition, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France; Institute of Epidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France; Nepal Development Society, Nepal; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Nepal Health Research Environment, Center for Social Science and Public Health Research Nepal, Nepal; Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Spain; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran, Iran; Community-Based Participatory-Research Center (CBPR), Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia; Research Group of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India; Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Gurugram, India; Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India; Department of Midwifery, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Public Health, Lexington, KY, United States; Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, United States; Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States; VA Saint Louis Health Care System, Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; Research Committee, Education Committee, Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, Washington, DC, United States; School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, Iraq; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; University of London, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Psychiatry, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Diseases and Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; DFID Nepal Health Sector Programme 3, Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, ABT Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Center for Health Systems Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Deworm3 Project, Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Calavi, Benin; Control of Infectious Diseases Project, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health (LERAS), Porto-Novo, Benin; Non-Communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health (LERAS), Porto-Novo, Benin; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Plant Medicinal Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Global Adolescent Health Group, Maternal and Child Health Program, Discipline of International Development, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Mycology, Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia; University of Aden, Aden, Yemen; Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Jazan University, Saudi Arabia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France; Dijon Stroke Registry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Biomedical Sciences Division, School of Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Dr. Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; School of Public Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Air Pollution Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Community Medicine Department, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research, New Delhi, India; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol, Iran; Health Research Institute, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy; University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; GBS/CIDP Foundation International, Conshohocken, PA, United States; UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Fast-Track Implementation Department, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Gaborone, Botswana; Public Health, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Research, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Genoa, Italy; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; School of Population and Public Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3s), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Department of Health Planning and Economics, National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Development Studies, Mumbai, India; Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, Mumbai, India; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vellore, India; Department of Community Health, Vellore, India; Department of Endocrinology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Adelaide, SA, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Laboratory for Socio-Economic Issues of Human Development and Quality of Life, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Medical Statistics and Documentary, Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Policy and Epidemiology Group, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States; Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Mesa, AZ, United States; A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Neurosurgery Department, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Improvement Directorate, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Integrated Tumor Registry, University-Hospital Polyclinic Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy; Commissioner of Public Health, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States; Department of Health Policy Management and Leadership, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Vital and Health Statistics, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Control, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Cardiology Department, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu (CIBERSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Public Health Department, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; Pharmacy Department, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Subdirectorate of Regulations, Guidelines and Technical Procedures, Secretary of Health, National Commission Against Addiction, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest, Romania; Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Reproductive Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States; Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine; Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Infectious Diseases Department, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia; National Centre for Farmer Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia; Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China; Institution of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Health Policy, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi, India; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Midwifery Program, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia; Odel Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Alramtha, Jordan; Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Institute of Health Policy and Management, SNU Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States; Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-Si, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Erasmus University Medical Center, Netherlands; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Arkansas State University, United States; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute of Muscular Skeletal Sciences, Department of Medicine and Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Bangalore, India; Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Population and Work Ability Program, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States; Belo Horizonte City Hall, Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden; Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Scohost, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia; CERIMP, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Shenzen Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shenzhen, China; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, China; National Institute of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energies (INER), Quito, Ecuador; Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt; Opthamology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Psychiatry Department, Doctor Peset University Hospital, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Sevenhills Hospital, Mumbai, India; Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Innovation Office Nutricard, Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Halle, Germany; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States; Peru Country Office of the UNFPA, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Zdroje Hospital, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India; President's Office, National Institute of Statistics Romania, Bucharest, Romania; Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Health and Social Work, Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq; Nutrition and Cohort Studies Department, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy; Lancaster University, United Kingdom; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, Kolkata, India; School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Epidemiology Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Public Heath, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; International School of Public Health, Mohammed Vi University of Health Science, Casablanca, Morocco; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Department, Semarang State University, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, Accra, Ghana; School of Social Sciences and Psychology Department, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-Gu, South Korea; HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB (HAST) Programme, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Osakhati, Namibia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Autonomous University of Chile, Chile; Ikoyi, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-Ku, Japan; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Agricultural Economics Group, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa; Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa; Department of TB and Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Population Health Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health, Nutrition and HIV AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Department of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Medichem, Spain; Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Nephrology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Nepal; University College London Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Department of Clinical Research, University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India; National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Punjab University, College of Pharmacy, Pakistan; Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Clinical Research Division, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Nephrology Group, LIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Health Economics and Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Public Health Medicine, Howard College Campus, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey; Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Health Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil; Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charity University Medical Center - Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, Lisbon, Portugal; Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil; School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Pneumology Service, Research Institute of the University Hospital of the Princess (IISP), Madrid, Spain; Pneumology Service, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall I.T., Austria; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Carlos III Health Institute, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB Unit, TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Velez Sarsfield, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debremarkos, Ethiopia; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up, German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Independent Consultant, Satufenberg, Germany; Information Services Division, NHS Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States; Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Mother Hospital, Thrissur, India; University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
