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Feigl, Fariba Feizy, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C. Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Daniel Obadare Fijabi, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Florian Fischer, Luisa Sorio Flor, Nataliya A. Foigt, John A. Ford, Kyle J. Foreman, Carla Fornari, Tahvi D. Frank, Richard Charles Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, John E. Fuller, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M. Furtado, Neal D. Futran, Adriana Galan, Silvano Gallus, Ketevan Gambashidze, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro, Miguel A. Garcia-Gordillo, Teshome Gebre, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Bradford D. Gessner, Sefonias Getachew, Peter W. Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Hesam Ghiasvand, Mamata Ghimire, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Richard F. Gillum, Giorgia Giussani, Shifalika Goenka, Srinivas Goli, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N. Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Atsushi Goto, Alessandra C. Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes, Yuming Guo, Prakash C. Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Bishal Gyawali, Juanita A. Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Tekleberhan B. Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J. Handal, Graeme J. Hankey, Hilda L. 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Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Ken Takahashi, Nikhil Tandon, Aberash Abay Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Nuno Taveira, Nega Yimer Tawye, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tigist Gashaw Tekalign, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Habtamu Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Manaye Yihune Teshale, Belay Tessema, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Jarnail Singh Thakur, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Laura Anne Thomas, Nihal Thomas, Amanda G. Thrift, Binyam Tilahun, Quyen G. To, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Fotis Topouzis, Anna E. Torre, Miguel Tortajada-Girbés, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Suryakant Tripathi, Srikanth Prasad Tripathy, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Nu Thi Truong, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, Nikolaos Tsilimparis, Lorainne Tudor Car, E Murat Tuzcu, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A. Uthman, Selen Begüm Uzun, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Afsane Vaezi, Gaurang Vaidya, Pascual R. Valdez, Elena Varavikova, Santosh Varughese, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Ramesh Vidavalur, Santos Villafaina, Francesco S. Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Kia Vosoughi, Isidora S. Vujcic, Gregory R. Wagner, Fasil Wagnew Shiferaw Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Yanping Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Molla Mesele Wassie, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G. Weintraub, Daniel J. Weiss, Jordan Weiss, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Harvey A. Whiteford, Justyna Widecka, Katarzyna Widecka, Tissa Wijeratne, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Charles D A. Wolfe, Sintayehu Ambachew Wondemagegn, Shouling Wu, Grant M A. Wyper, Gelin Xu, Rajaram Yadav, Bereket Yakob, Tomohide Yamada, Lijing L. Yan, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin, Pengpeng Ye, Jamal A. Yearwood, Gökalp Kadri Yentür, Alex Yeshaneh, Ebrahim M. Yimer, Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok-Jun Yoon, Hunter W. York, Marcel Yotebieng, Mustafa Z. Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Geevar Zachariah, Vesna Zadnik, Shamsa Zafar, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Zohreh Zare, Hajo Zeeb, Mulugeta Molla Zeleke, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Kai Zhang, Xueying Zhang, Maigeng Zhou, Jun Zhu, Sanjay Zodpey, Inbar Zucker, Liesl Joanna J. Zuhlke, Alan D. Lopez, Emmanuela Gakidou, Christopher J L. Murray
Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specifc mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The fndings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which refects signifcant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. © 2018 The Author(s).
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health Education & Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Community-Based Participatory-Research (CBPR) Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutirion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; MS Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neuroimaging Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Oncology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Food Technology & Quality Control, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Urology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India; Anatomy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Biomedical Sciences Division, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Institute of Biomedical Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Human Nutrition Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France; Institute of Epidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine; Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin; Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, United Kingdom; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Nepal Health Research Environment, Center for Social Science and Public Health Research Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Emergency Department, Saint Mark Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt; Ivorian Association for Family Welfare, Abidjan; Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia; Research group of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Public Health Foundation of India, India; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, India; Public Health Foundation of India, India; Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India; Research Area for Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Research Area for Informatics and Big Data, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, University Mohammed V, Morocco; Department of Health Statistics, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Epidemiology & Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; General Directorate of Health Information Systems, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Israeli Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; NCD Prevention & Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; National Institute of Researches on Public Health, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Research Department Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Health Economics and Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management, and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States; Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; Research Committee, Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States; Internal Medicine Deparment, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA Saint Louis Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Saint Louis, MO, United States; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; Malaria Atlas Project, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Neurology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Program in Epidemiology & Public Health, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Sansom Institute, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Mansoura University, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; IInd Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Anatomy and Embryology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; School of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; International Relations Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Public Health Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Dr D Y Patil Medical College, Pune, India; Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India; Department of Social Welfare, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Non Communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Demography and Population Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Radiation Onclogy, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Heath Services, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Directorate for Policy, Directorate for Health Information and Research, Pieta, Malta; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Poland; Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; University of Aden, Aden, Yemen; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Tuberculosis Department, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Tuberculosis, Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique; Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique; School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Renal Medicine, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France; Dijon Stroke Registry-UFR Sciences Santé, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Dr Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Patient and Population, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; St John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; IAHR/ITM, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Nepal Academy of Science & Technology, Patan, Nepal; The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh; Alma Mater, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Liaison of Turkey, Guillain-Barre Syndrome/Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Foundation International, Conshohocken, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; The UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Fast-Track Implementation Department, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Gaborone, Botswana; Global Health Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; A T Still University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Transport & Digital Development, World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Vision & Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; University of Genoa, Italy; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; School of Medicine and Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Service of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Tuberculosis Biomarker Reserarch Unit, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama; Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama; Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama; Division Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Community Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Population Studies, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Brain Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Independent Consultant, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan township, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Fertility Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Economics, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Joanna Briggs Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy; Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Business and Management, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; Faculty of Education, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; IInd Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Departament of Internal Medicine-Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; National Centre for Health Promotion and Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Biomedical Research Council, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Rheumatology, K G Medical University, Lucknow, India; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Research and Evaluation Divison, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Central University Tami Nadu, Thiruvarur, India; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf. Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, CA, United States; Department of Diabetes and Vascular medicine, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Clinic V, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Vth Department of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Maternal and Child Wellbeing Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; Population Dynamics and Reproductive Health Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Dermatology Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Denver, CO, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; National Health Service Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Heart and Vascular Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Psychology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; Department of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Diretoria Médica, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; Infectious Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran; Department of Nursing, UmeÃ¥ University, Umea, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; College of Public Health, Arkansas State University, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Public Health Department, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Laboratory for Socio-economic Issues of Human Development and Quality of Life, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Medical Statistics and Documentary, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Public Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; National Statistical Office, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, CA, United States; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France; Department of Fertility & Infertility, Sarem Fertility & Infertility Research Center (SAFIR), Tehran, Iran; Sarem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Tehran, Iran; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal; Heller School for Social Policy & Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States; Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal University of EspÃrito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Malaria Vaccines, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Medical Statistics, National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia; Medical Statistics, National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia; National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Directorate General for Public Health, Regional Health Council, Madrid, Spain; Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, United States; Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France; Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran; Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Allergy, Asthma, and Bronchitis Institute, Kolkota, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, India; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Physical Activity and Obesity Prevention, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatric, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Metabolic Epidemiology Section, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan; School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; School of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Commissioner of Public Health, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States; Department of Health Policy, Management & Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Public Health; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Clinical Neurological Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Population Health Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics Control, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Vital and Health Statistics, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies; Cardiology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Public Health Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India; Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; University of Human Development, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; Health Sciences Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; University of Liberia, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States; Non-Communicable Disease Department, National Health Mission, Lucknow, India; Department of Medicine, Mahavir Sikshan Sansthan, Kanpur, India; Department of Parasitic Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control Delhi, Delhi, India; Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Institution of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Community Medicine, Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, A C S Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi, India; A C S Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi, India; Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Quality and Equity Healthcare, Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda; School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Young Investigators, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States; Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States; Midwifery Program, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia; ODeL campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian, and African Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Alcohol, Tobacco, & Other Drug Use Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Cardiology, Assuta Hospital, Tel Aviv Yaffo, Israel; Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, John H Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Division of Noncommunicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; Center for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq; Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States; Medical Officers, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; Relaciones Internacionales, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Belo Horizonte City Hall, Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Disease Control Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, German Clinic of Santiago, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Shenzhen Sun Yatsen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China; West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China; National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China, Chengdu, China; Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Division of General Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany; General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Congo; University of Kinshasa, Congo; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; School of Health Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; Cardiology Department, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Cardiology, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt; Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Haridwar, India; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; Neurology Service, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Graduate School, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, Ipas Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, SevenHills Hospital, Mumbai, India; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; School of Pharmacy, Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of N’Djaména, N’Djaména, Chad; Department of Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Doctoral Study, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Emergency Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; ZDROJE Hospital, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; President’s Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Erbil, ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Hospital de Sto António, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India; National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Center for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India; Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India; Ophthalmology, Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Mercy Siant Vincent Medical Center, Toledo, OH, United States; Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Neurosciences, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; National Department of Health, South African Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan; Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana; Department of Medicine, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Research, Measurement, and Results, Society for Family Health, Nigeria, FCT, Nigeria; Department of HIV/AIDS, STIs & TB, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Namibia, Oshakati Campus, Namibia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria; Institute of Health Science, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Health, Lira District Local Government, Lira, Uganda; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Pneumology Service, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez DÃaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke’s International University, Chuo-ku, Japan; The Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Agricultural Economics Group, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa; Department of Pediatrics, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa; Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa; Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Ottowa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Health Outcomes, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicial Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; Population Health Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health, Nutrition, and HIV/AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia; Independent Consultant, Glenelg, SA, Australia; Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Federal Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany; Discipline of General Practice, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Askok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Medichem, Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Sweidi Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany; Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Department of Neurology, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; IKIAM Amazon Regional University, Ciudad de Tena, Ecuador; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Unviersity, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Nephrology Group, Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, Regional Health Administration Do Norte I P, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; GSK Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Centre on Computational Biology, Indrapastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, India; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Child and Youth Mental Health, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncomunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; University School of Management and Entreprenuership, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; BrasÃlia University, BrasÃlia, Brazil; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Service of Pulmonology, Health Research Institute of the University Hospital “de la Princesaâ€, Madrid, Spain; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Wadhwani Initiative for Sustainable Healthcare (WISH) Foundation, Delhi, India; Department of Occupational Therapy, Athens University of Applied Sciences, Athens, Greece; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia; School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States; University Institute “Egas Monizâ€, Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Selihom School of Nursing, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Dessie, Ethiopia; Syrian Expatriate Medical Association (SEMA), Charlottesville, VA, United States; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Hanoi, Viet Nam; King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India; Director in Charge, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Department of Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; CV Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; CV Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; President, Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Intensive Care Unit Staff, Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Department of Statistics, University of Brasilia, BrasÃlia, Brazil; Directorate of Social Studies and Policies, Federal District Planning Company, BrasÃlia, Brazil; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Independent Consultant, Staufenberg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Kailuan General Hospital, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China; University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Earth Science, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Mother Hospital, Thrissur, India; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany; School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
