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Ballew, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Amrit Banstola, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A. Barboza, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H. Barrero, Bernhard T. Baune, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Abate Bekele Belachew, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L. Bell, Aminu K. Bello, Isabela M. Bensenor, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S. Bernstein, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj Bhala, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Donal Bisanzio, Brigette F. Blacker, Fiona M. Blyth, Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Oliver J. Brady, Michael Brainin, Luisa C. Brant, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J.K. Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Paul Svitil Briant, Andrew M. Briggs, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Rachelle Buchbinder, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A. Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Jorge Cano, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J. Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Kelly M. Cercy, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Alex R. Chang, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J. Charlson, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Ken Lee Chin, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J. Choi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Liliana G. Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M. Claro, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Cyrus Cooper, Josef Coresh, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Megan Costa, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H. Criqui, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Marita Cross, John A. Crump, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I. 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Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Hamed Fakhim, Vahid Fallah Omrani, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Talha A. Farid, Carla Sofia Esá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Maryam S. Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L. Feigin, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C. Fernandes, Alize J. Ferrari, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Nataliya A. Foigt, Kyle J. Foreman, Jack Fox, Tahvi D. Frank, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M. Furtado, Neal D. Futran, Seana Gall, Morsaleh Ganji, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro, William M. Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Peter W. 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Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Narges Karimi, Seyed M. Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H. Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Norito Kawakami, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Masoud Masoud Keighobadi, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Muhammad Ali Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mohammad Khazaei, Abdullah T. Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Cho-Il Kim, Daniel Kim, Pauline Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. 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Lyons, Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T. Mackay, Fabiana Madotto, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Dhaval P. Maghavani, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Hue Thi Mai, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Ana-Laura Manda, Helena Manguerra, Treh Manhertz, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Joemer C. Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Ashley Marks, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Winfried März, Melvin B. Marzan, Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Kunihiro Matsushita, Pallab K. Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M. Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez, Tesfa Mekonen, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Michele Meltzer, Peter T.N. Memiah, Ziad A. 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Woolf, Shouling Wu, Yun-Chun Wu, Grant M.A. Wyper, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu, Simon Yadgir, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Lijing L. Yan, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin, Alex Yeshaneh, Ebrahim M. Yimer, Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok-Jun Yoon, Marcel Yotebieng, Mustafa Z. Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Vesna Zadnik, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Zohreh Zare, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Kai Zhang, Zheng Zhao, Maigeng Zhou, Sanjay Zodpey, Inbar Zucker, Theo Vos, Christopher J.L. Murray
Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Hematology, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Periodontics, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Plastic Surgery, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Surgery, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Education, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Pharmacy, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Harar, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Law Philosophy and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran, Iran; Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Disease Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Endocrine Research Center, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Community-Based Participatory-Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Montreal Neuroimaging Center, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India; Human Nutrition Department, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Parasitology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Anatomy Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Biomedical Sciences Division, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, University of Medical Science, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine; Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin; Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal; Department of Non-Communicable Diseases, Pokhara, Nepal; Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Global Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Emergency Department, Saint Mark Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt; Sport Science Department, Badajoz, Spain; University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; Department of Public Health, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo; Prefectoral Direction of the Health of the Zio, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Tsevie, Togo; Department of Family Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Gastroenterology, India; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia; Research Group of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India; Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Kermanshah, Iran; Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Kermanshah, Iran; Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah, Iran; Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Ahvaz, Iran; Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Algeria; Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Internal Medicine Department, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA St Louis Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Medical Research Center, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; School of Population and Global Health, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research School of Population Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Public Health, Qazvin, Iran; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Sari, Iran; School of Public Health, Sari, Iran; Department of Neurology, Sari, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Sari, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Sari, Iran; Invasive Fungi Research Center, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Sari, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Center, Sari, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Sari, Iran; Department of Immunology, Sari, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Sansom Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Social Science Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Beirut, Lebanon; Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura, Egypt; Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Bucharest, Romania; Anatomy and Embryology Department, Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Health Policy and Administration, Manila, Philippines; Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Independent Consultant, Kabul, Afghanistan; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department ofOphthalmology, Tehran, Iran; Air Pollution Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Stroke Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; CERIMP, Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases, Firenze, Italy; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; School of Science and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; South Asian Public Health Forum, Lahore, Pakistan; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, United States; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Division of Cardiovascular and Clinical Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Baltimore, MD, United States; Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed University), Pune, India; Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed University), Pune, India; School of Business, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Center for Health Systems Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Centro de Investigacion en Nutricion y Salud, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Contrôle Des Maladies Infectieuses, Porto Novo, Benin; Non Communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Judith Lumley Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Austin Clinical School of Nursing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Department of Community and Global Health, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Transplant Services, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurosciences, San Jose, Costa Rica; Area de Estadística, Dirección Actuarial, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Medicine, San Pedro, Costa Rica; School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; School of Psychology, Auckland, New Zealand; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Clinic V, Heidelberg, Germany; Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Global Health and Population, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Boston, MA, United States; T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Boston, MA, United States; Heart and Vascular Center, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy; Department of Renal Medicine, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Iran; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France; Dijon Stroke Registry - Ufr Sciences Santé, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Ophthalmology, São Paulo, Brazil; University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, United Kingdom; St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, United Kingdom; Division of Patient and Population, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; IAHR/ITM, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Disease Control, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, London, United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Patan, Nepal; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol, Iran; Health Research Institute, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh; Global Health Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Australia; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Australia; University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Vital and Health Statistics, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics Control, Beirut, Lebanon; Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Transport and Road Safety Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department for Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria; School of Medicine and Clinical Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Nutrition Department, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Psychology, Columbus, OH, United States; College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, United States; Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Bentley, WA, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Ageing and Life Course, Geneva, Switzerland; Health Information, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland; Committee for Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russian Federation; Neuroscience, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City Of Knowledge, Panama; Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Panama, Panama; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama; Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; School of Population and Public Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute of Public Health, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Porto, Portugal; Department of Community Medicine, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, Porto, Portugal; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, Bogota, Colombia; National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Colombia; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Kidney Health Research Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, United States; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Development Studies, India; Department of Population Studies, Mumbai, India; Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, Mumbai, India; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece; Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India; Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq; Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vellore, India; Department of Endocrinology, Vellore, India; Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India; Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, SA, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy; Faculty of Education, Chile; Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom; University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; T Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Centre for International Health, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Clinical Toxicology Service, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Council, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; James P Grant School of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Ear Institute, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Health, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, London, United Kingdom; Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Dermatology Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Denver, CO, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Information Services Division, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Thessaloniki, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Swedish Family Medicine - First Hill, Seattle, WA, United States; Deputy of Research and Technology, Iran; Center of Communicable Disease Control, Iran; Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Health Service Management, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Diretoria Médica, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Institute for Health Care Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Tripoli University, Libya; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Epidemiology and Disease Control, Singapore; Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore; Policy and Epidemiology Group, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Child and Youth Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; College of Medicine, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; National Statistical Office, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal; Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Mesa, AZ, United States; A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Switzerland; Malaria Vaccines, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; Tuberculosis, Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique; Tuberculosis Department, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Directorate General for Public Health, Regional Health Council, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom; Big Data Institute, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Institute for Global Health Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Allergy, Asthma, and Bronchitis Institute, Kolkota, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic, and Ageing-Associated Diseases, National Public Health Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Unit of Academic Primary Care, Coventry, United Kingdom; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Valley, Anguilla; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, Valley, Anguilla; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Commissioner of Public Health, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States; Department of Health Policy, Management and Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Bronx, NY, United States; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Public Health, Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London, ON, Canada; Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Population Health Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiology Department, Trivandrum, India; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Health Education and Health Promotion Department, School of Public Health, Tabriz, Iran; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran; Public Health Department, Teppi, Ethiopia; Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Reproductive Health, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, New York, NY, United States; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Division of Scientific Programs, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; School of Health, Rasht, Iran; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia; International Relations Division, Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar; Institute of Health and Society, Oslo, Norway; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; Health Outcomes, Bucharest, Romania; Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; Global Health and Development Department, Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Australia; School of Medicine, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Department of Parasitic Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control Delhi, Delhi, India; Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Environmental Research Center, Kunshan, China; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Opole, Poland; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jodhpur, India; Department of Paediatrics, Jodhpur, India; Department of Cardiology, Jodhpur, India; Department of Psychiatry, Jodhpur, India; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan, Iran; Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda; School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; ODeL Campus, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian, and African Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa; Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Cardiology, Assuta Hospital, Tel Aviv Yaffo, Israel; Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan; Department of Statistics, Azad University, Omidiyeh Branch, Iran; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, John H Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, United States; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Pediatrics, United States; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Research Department, Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya; Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya; Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-Si, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Centre for Disease Burden, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine, Chandigarh, India; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Population and Work Ability Program, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Public Health, Maragheh, Iran; Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-Related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Beijing, China; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; Department of Medicine, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Jena, Germany; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust (NHS), Liverpool, United Kingdom; Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore; National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Neurology Department, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Cardiology, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt; Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, Grant Medical College, Sir J J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Graduate School, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Sevenhills Hospital, Mumbai, India; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Division of Rheumatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States; Research Department, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Neurocenter, Helsinki, Finland; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Hypertension, Szczecin, Poland; Zdroje Hospital, Szczecin, Poland; Emergency Department, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States; Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Hospital de Sto António, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Wiesbaden, Germany; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India; National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Center for Global Health, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan; Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; Direction, Gised Study Center, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea; Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Public Heath, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Neurosciences, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Health Economics and Finance, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; National Department of Health, South African Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran; Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Department of HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Namibia, Oshakati Campus, Namibia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria; NCD Prevention and Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Health Science, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; Pneumology Service, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Institute for Health Research Foundation, Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of TB and Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India; Division of Noncommunicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India; Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; Population Health Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Research Department, Diabetes Research Society, Hyderabad, India; Clinical Research Department, DiabetOmics, Portland, OR, United States; Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Federal Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; Independent Consultant, Glenelg, SA, Australia; Government Medical College, Nagpur, India; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Medichem, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Sweidi Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, North-West University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Biotechnology, Ikiam Amazon Regional University, Ciudad De Tena, Ecuador; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Medical and Human Science Department, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Anarkali, Pakistan; Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Clinical Research Division, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India; Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Public Health, Regional Health Administration Do Norte I P, Vila Nova De Gaia, Portugal; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil; Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States; Service of Pulmonology, Health Research Institute, University Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Neuro Centre, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia; Department of Community Health, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States; University Institute Egas Moniz, Monte Da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Syrian Expatriate Medical Association, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland; Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Medical Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; CV Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; School of Government, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Schneider Institutes for Health Policy, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States; Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad De Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Independent Consultant, Staufenberg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Bone and Joint Research Group, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom; Kailuan General Hospital, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China; University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Earth Science, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Israeli Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel; School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
