Rafael Lozano, Nancy Fullman, Degu Abate, Solomon M. Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Omar Abdel-Rahman, Alireza Abdi, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Nebiyu Dereje Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Semaw F. Abera, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Victor Aboyans, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh, Gebre Y. Abyu, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Pawan Acharya, Abdu A. Adamu, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mina G. Adib, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Jose C. Adsuar, Mohsen Afarideh, Mahdi Afshari, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Dominic Agius, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ali S. Akanda, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Mohammed Akibu, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Ammar Albujeer, Animut Alebel, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Samia Alhabib, Raghib Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Christine A. Allen, Ali Almasi, Fatma Al-Maskari, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Jordi Alonso, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T. Amare, Kebede Amenu, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Nahla Hamed Anber, Jason A. Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Hossein Ansari, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Lambert Tetteh Appiah, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Johan Ärnlöv, Monika Arora, Krishna K. Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Rana Jawad Asghar, Reza Assadi, Zerihun Ataro, Suleman Atique, Sachin R. Atre, Madhu Sudhan Atteraya, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Henok Tadesse Ayele, Yohanes Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh, Peter S. Azzopardi, Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Arefeh Babazadeh, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Amitava Banerjee, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Amrit Banstola, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A. Barboza, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H. Barrero, Celine M. Barthelemy, Quique Bassat, Arindam Basu, Sanjay Basu, Robert J. Battista, Bernhard T. Baune, Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Abate Bekele Belachew, Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay, Saba Abraham Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L. Bell, Aminu K. Bello, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Habib Benzian, Adugnaw Berhane, Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe, Adam E. Berman, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S. Bernstein, Gregory J. Bertolacci, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Anil Bhansali, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Molly H. Biehl, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Sait Mentes Birlik, Charles Birungi, Donal Bisanzio, Tuhin Biswas, Helen Bitew, Hailemichael Bizuneh, Espen Bjertness, Eshetu Mulisa Bobasa, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Kayvan Bozorgmehr, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Michael Brainin, Luisa C. Brant, Michael Brauer, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J. K. Breitborde, Paul Svitil Briant, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Gene Bukhman, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A. Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Charlton S.K.H. Callender, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Josip Car, Mate Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J. Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Kate Causey, Alanur Çavlin, Kelly M. Cercy, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Julian Chalek, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Ken Lee Chin, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J. Choi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Liliana G. Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M. Claro, Thomas Khaled Dwayne Claßen, Aaron J. Cohen, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Cyrus Cooper, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Leslie Cornaby, Monica Cortinovis, Megan Costa, Ewerton Cousin, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Christopher Stephen Crowe, Matthew Cunningham, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Paul I. Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Siddharth K. Das, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Adrian C. Davis, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Anand Dayama, Barbora De Courten, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Hans De Steur, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Tizta Tilahun Degfie, Selina Deiparine, Robert P. Dellavalle, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Balem Demtsu, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Subhojit Dey, Samath D. Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Daniel Dicker, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Eric L. Ding, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, Tim Robert Driscoll, Leilei Duan, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre R. Duraes, Soheil Ebrahimpour, David Edvardsson, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Erika Eldrenkamp, Ziad El-Khatib, Iqbal R.F. Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Mahdi Fakhar, Hamed Fakhim, Jessica Fanzo, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Talha A. Farid, Carla Sofia E. Sá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Maryam S. Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Hossein Farzam, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Valery L. Feigin, Andrea B. Feigl, Wubalem Fekadu, Rachel Feldman, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C. Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Daniel Obadare Fijabi, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Jonas David Finger, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Luisa Sorio Flor, Nataliya A. Foigt, Kyle J. Foreman, Tahvi D. Frank, Richard Charles Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, Kai Fukutaki, John E. Fuller, Thomas Fürst, João M. Furtado, Emmanuela Gakidou, Silvano Gallus, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Ron T. Gansevoort, Ana Cristina Garcia, Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro, Miguel A. Garcia-Gordillo, William M. Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Teshome Gebre, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Bereket Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Sefonias Getachew, Peter W. Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Hesam Ghiasvand, Mamata Ghimire, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Simona Giampaoli, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Ellen M. Goldberg, Srinivas Goli, Philimon N. Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Taren M. Gorman, Atsushi Goto, Alessandra C. Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Max G. Griswold, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander C. Gugnani, Francis Guillemin, Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes, Yuming Guo, Prakash C. Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Giang Hai Ha, Juanita A. Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Tekleberhan B. Hagos, Michael Tamene Haile, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Graeme J. Hankey, Hilda L. Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Hamidreza Haririan, Josep Maria Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Caitlin N. Hawley, Simon I. Hay, Yihua He, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Mohamed I. Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Mohsen Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Behzad Heydarpour, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn T. Hibstu, Martha Híjar, Hans W. Hoek, Daniel J. Hoffman, Michael K. Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, H. Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J. Hotez, Damian G. Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Thomas Hsiao, Guoqing Hu, John J. Huang, Caitlyn Hughes, Chantal K. Huynh, Ehimario U. Igumbor, Chad Thomas Ikeda, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Rebecca Q. Ivers, Neda Izadi, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Moti Tolera Jalu, Amr A. Jamal, Spencer L. James, Simerjot K. Jassal, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Catherine O. Johnson, Sarah C. Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, K. Madhanraj, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Molla Kahssay, Rizwan Kalani, Umesh Kapil, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, Marina Karanikolos, Narges Karimi, Seyed M. Karimi, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H. Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes Kassa, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Dhruv Satish Kazi, K.C. Prakash, Seifu Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Muhammad Ali Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Tripti Khanna, Mona M. Khater, Alireza Khatony, Zahra Khazaeipour, Habibolah Khazaie, Abdullah T. Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri, Helen W. Kiarie, Getiye D. Kibret, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Daniel Kim, Jun Y. Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Sanjay Kinra, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Niranjan Kissoon, Mika Kivimäki, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A. Kopec, Margaret N. Kosek, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael A. Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Kristopher J. Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Andreas A. Kudom, Xie Rachel Kulikoff, G. Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Michael J. Kutz, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Carl Lachat, Deepesh P. Lad, Sheetal D. Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Abraham K. Lagat, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Hilton Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Prabhat Lamichhane, Qing Lan, Justin J. Lang, Van C. Lansingh, Sonia Lansky, Heidi J. Larson, Anders O. Larsson, Dennis Odai Laryea, Zohra S. Lassi, Arman Latifi, Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau, Avula Laxmaiah, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Janet L. Leasher, Georgy Lebedev, Jorge R. Ledesma, James B. Lee, Paul H. Lee, Andrew T. Leever, James Leigh, Mall Leinsalu, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Janni Leung, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Xiaohong Li, Yichong Li, Juan Liang, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Lee-Ling Lim, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Yang Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Giancarlo Logroscino, Alan D. Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Lydia R. Lucchesi, Ronan A. Lyons, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T. Mackay, Emilie R. Maddison, Fabiana Madotto, Dhaval P. Maghavani, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Ana-Laura Manda, Luiz Garcia Mandarano-Filho, Srikanth Mangalam, Helena Manguerra, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Joemer C. Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Ashley Marks, Randall V. Martin, Sheila C. O. Martins, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Pallab K. Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Brian J. McMahon, Suresh Mehata, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M. Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez, Tesfa Mekonen, Tefera C. Chane Mekonnen, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Peter T. N. Memiah, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Getnet Mengistu, George A. Mensah, Gert B. M. Mensink, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Anoushka I. Millear, Ted R. Miller, Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie, George J. Milne, G.K. Mini, Shawn P. Minnig, Parvaneh Mirabi, Mojde Mirarefin, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Philip B. Mitchell, Babak Moazen, Ali Akbar Moghadamnia, Bahram Mohajer, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Moslem Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mohammed A. Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Murali B. V. Mohan, Viswanathan Mohan, Farnam Mohebi, Modhurima Moitra, Ali H. Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Julio Cesar Montañez, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ghobad Moradi, Mahmoudreza Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mehdi Moradinazar, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Naho Morisaki, Shane Douglas Morrison, Abbas Mosapour, Marilita M. Moschos, W Cliff Mountjoy-Venning, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Achenef Asmamaw Muche, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Oumer Sada S. Muhammed, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Erin C. Mullany, Kate Muller, John Everett Mumford, Manoj Murhekar, G.V.S. Murthy, Srinivas Murthy, Jonah Musa, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ashraf F. Nabhan, Jean B. Nachega, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Azin Nahvijou, Kovin Naidoo, Gurudatta Naik, Nitish Naik, Farid Najafi, Luigi Naldi, Hae Sung Nam, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Haseeb Nawaz, Nahid Neamati, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Subas Neupane, Charles Richard James Newton, Frida N. Ngalesoni, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anh Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Ha Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Huong Thanh Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Molly R. Nixon, Nomonde Nolutshungu, Marika Nomura, Ole F. Norheim, Mehdi Noroozi, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Hamid Reza Nouri, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Mohammad Reza Nowroozi, Peter S. Nyasulu, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Anselm Okoro, Kelechi E. Oladimeji, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew T. Olagunju, Tinuke O. Olagunju, Pedro R. Olivares, Helen Elizabeth Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Kanyin L. Ong, Sok King Ong, Anu Mary Oommen, John Nelson Opio, Eyal Oren, Andrei Oros, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, Alberto Ortiz, Justin R. Ortiz, Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo, Erika Ota, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, P.A. Mahesh, Smita Pakhale, Abhijit P. Pakhare, Wen-Harn Pan, Adrian Pana, Basant Kumar Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jeyaraj Durai Pandian, Nikolaos Papantoniou, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D. H. Parry, Hadi Parsian, Shanti Patel, Sanghamitra Pati, Ajay Patle, George C. Patton, Vishnupriya Rao Paturi, Deepak Paudel, Katherine R. Paulson, Neil Pearce, Emmanuel K. Peprah, David M. Pereira, Norberto Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, Konrad Pesudovs, William A. Petri, Max Petzold, Michael R. Phillips, David M. Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Martin Pletcher, Constance Dimity Pond, Maarten J. Postma, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Swayam Prakash, Narayan Prasad, Caroline A. Purcell, Manita Pyakurel, Mostafa Qorbani, Reginald Quansah, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Kazem Rahimi, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Md Shafiur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Fatemeh Rajati, Sasa Rajsic, Usha Ram, Saleem M. Rana, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Prabhat Ranjan, Davide Rasella, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Christian Razo-García, K Srinath Reddy, Robert C. Reiner, Cesar Reis, Marissa B. Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu, Satar Rezaei, Shahab Rezaeian, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Kedir Teji Roba, Nicholas L. S. Roberts, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ali Rostami, Gregory A. Roth, Ambuj Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, George Mugambage Ruhago, Yogesh Damodar Sabde, Perminder S. Sachdev, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Hosein Safari, Yahya Safari, Roya Safari-Faramani, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Haniye Sadat Sajadi, Nasir Salam, Joseph S. Salama, Payman Salamati, Raphael De Freitas Saldanha, Zikria Saleem, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Joshua A. Salomon, Sundeep Santosh Salvi, Inbal Salz, Evanson Zondani Sambala, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Itamar S. Santos, Milena M. Santric Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Mayank Sardana, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Miloje Savic, Arundhati R. Sawant, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Mete Saylan, Mehdi Sayyah, Elke Schaeffner, Maria Inês Schmidt, Ione J. C. Schneider, Ben Schöttker, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Soraya Seedat, Mario Sekerija, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Katya Anne Shackelford, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Amira A. Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammad Bagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Heidar Sharafi, Kiomars Sharafi, Mehdi Sharif, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Jayendra Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Sharad Kumar Sharma, Jun She, Aziz Sheikh, Muki Shehu Shey, Peilin Shi, Kenji Shibuya, Chloe Shields, Girma Temam Shifa, Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Shreya Shirude, Kawkab Shishani, Ivy Shiue, Farhad Shokraneh, Haitham Shoman, Mark G. Shrime, Sharvari Rahul Shukla, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Abla Mehio Sibai, Tariq J. Siddiqi, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Naris Silpakit, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, João Pedro Silva, Natacha Torres Da Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Jasvinder A. Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Om Prakash Singh, Prashant Kumar Singh, Virendra Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Eirini Skiadaresi, Karen Sliwa, Amanda E. Smith, Mari Smith, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Soheila Sobhani, Michael Soljak, Moslem Soofi, Masoud Soosaraei, Reed J. D. Sorensen, Joan B. Soriano, Sergey Soshnikov, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Angela Spinelli, Luciano A. Sposato, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Raghavendra Guru Srinivasan, Vinay Srinivasan, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Vladimir I. Starodubov, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Nadine Steckling, Dan J. Stein, Leo G. Stewart, Leo Stockfelt, Mark A. Stokes, Kurt Straif, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Bruno F. Sunguya, Patrick John Sur, Ipsita Sutradhar, Bryan L. Sykes, P.N. Sylaja, Dillon O. Sylte, Cassandra E. I. Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Koku Sisay Tamirat, Nikhil Tandon, Frank C. Tanser, Aberash Abay Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Nuno Taveira, Nega Yimer Tawye, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tigist Gashaw Tekalign, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Habtamu Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Manaye Yihune Teshale, Destaw Fetene Teshome, Belay Tessema, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Jarnail Singh Thakur, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Andrew Theis, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Laura Anne Thomas, Nihal Thomas, Alan J. Thomson, Amanda G. Thrift, Binyam Tilahun, Quyen G. To, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Anna E. Torre, Miguel Tortajada-Girbés, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Tung Thanh Tran, Srikanth Prasad Tripathy, Christopher E. Troeger, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, Lorainne Tudor Car, E Murat Tuzcu, Hayley D. Tymeson, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah, Rachel L. Updike, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A. Uthman, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Afsane Vaezi, Gaurang Vaidya, Pascual R. Valdez, Aaron Van Donkelaar, Elena Varavikova, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Ramesh Vidavalur, Santos Villafaina, Francesco S. Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Sebastian Vollmer, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Kia Vosoughi, Isidora S. Vujcic, Gregory R. Wagner, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Judd L. Walson, Yanping Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Molla Mesele Wassie, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G. Weintraub, Jordan Weiss, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Andrea Werdecker, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, T Eoin West, Ronny Westerman, Joanna L. Whisnant, Harvey A. Whiteford, Justyna Widecka, Katarzyna Widecka, Tissa Wijeratne, Lauren B. Wilner, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Alison B. Wiyeh, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Charles D. A. Wolfe, Shouling Wu, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu, Rixing Xu, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Bereket Yakob, Tomohide Yamada, Lijing L. Yan, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin, Pengpeng Ye, Jamal A. Yearwood, Alex Yeshaneh, Ebrahim M. Yimer, Paul Yip, Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Gerald Yonga, Seok-Jun Yoon, Marcel Yotebieng, Mustafa Z. Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Zohreh Zare, Luis Zavala-Arciniega, Desalegn Tegabu Zegeye, Elias Asfaw Zegeye, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Kazem Zendehdel, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Anthony Lin Zhang, Xueying Zhang, Maigeng Zhou, Jun Zhu, Stephanie R. M. Zimsen, Sanjay Zodpey, Leo Zoeckler, Inbar Zucker, Liesel Joanna J. Zuhlke, Stephen S. Lim, Christopher J. L. Murray
Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Surgery, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Cardiology, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Hematology, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Plastic Surgery, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Health Systems Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Center for Population Health Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of International Health and Collaboration, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Tobacco Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Harar, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Law Philosophy and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Community-Based Participatory Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neuroimaging Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Oncology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Urology, Kermanshah, Iran; Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah, Iran; Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah, Iran; Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran; Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Gondar, Ethiopia; Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Microbiology, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Gondar, Ethiopia; Human Nutrition Department, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Gondar, Ethiopia; University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Anatomy Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Biomedical Sciences Division, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Health Outcomes, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Attikon University Hospital, Chaidrai, Greece; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; Population Health Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Research Department, Diabetes Research Society, Hyderabad, India; Clinical Research Department, DiabetOmics, Portland, OR, United States; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Health, Nutrition, and HIV/AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia; Independent Consultant, Glenelg, SA, Australia; Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Discipline of General Practice, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Medichem, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Division, Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Sweidi Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environmental Health Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, North-West University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Hypertension in Africa Research Team, North-West University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Biotechnology, IKIAM Amazon Regional University, Ciudad de Tena, Ecuador; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Community Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Health and Policy Management, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Anarkali, Pakistan; Clinical Research Division, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India; Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Nephrology Group, Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; GSK Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey; Institute of Biomedical Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Health, Thimphi, Bhutan; University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Health Service, Department of Health, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; School of Nursing, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, Lisbon, Portugal; Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil; Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India; Department of Policy Studies, Energy and Resources Institute School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Service of Pulmonology, Health Research Institute of the University Hospital 'de la Princesa', Madrid, Spain; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Chennai, India; School of Pharmacy, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Occupational Therapy, Athens University of Applied Sciences, Athens, Greece; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall I T, Austria; Section of Evidence Synthesis and Classification, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia; School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Madrid, Spain; School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; Africa Health Research Institute, Berea, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States; University Institute 'Egas Moniz', Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Selihom School of Nursing, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Dessie, Ethiopia; Syrian Expatriate Medical Association, Charlottesville, VA, United States; WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Global Health Research, Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; CV Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; CV Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Independent Consultant, Staufenberg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China; Department of Pharmacology, St., John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Earth Science, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; University of South Australia, Adelaide, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Health Care Financing Program, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Medical Science, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France; Institute of Epidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine; Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Bénin Clinical Research Institute, Cotonou, Benin; Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal; Nepalgunj Medical College, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal; Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Nepal Health Research Environment, Center for Social Science and Public Health Research Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Emergency Department, Saint Mark Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt; Ivorian Association for Family Welfare, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Sport Science Department, Badajoz, Spain; University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran; Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia; Research Group of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia; Department of Health, Directorate for Health Information and Research, Pietà, Malta; Directorate for Policy, Directorate for Health Information and Research, Pietà, Malta; Research Area for Informatics and Big Data, CSIR, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Health Promotion Division, Gurugram, India; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India; School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India; Department of Neurosurgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Health Economics and Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management, and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States; Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; Research Committee, Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA St Louis Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, Najaf, Iraq; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Immunology, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Sari, Iran; Department of Neurology, Sari, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Sari, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sari, Iran; Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Sari, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Sari, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Center, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Sari, Iran; School of Public Health, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Sari, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden; United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Psychiatric Hospital Ain Abessa Setif, Ain Abessa, Algeria; Medical Research Center, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Research Program in Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany; Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Sansom Institute, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Policy and Planning Directorate, Beirut, Lebanon; Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Research on Population and Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt; Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Anatomy and Embryology Department, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Bucharest, Romania; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; School of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Independent Consultant, Kabul, Afghanistan; Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Adum, Ghana; School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Research Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth, New Delhi, India; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; South Asian Public Health Forum, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Public Health Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; D Y Patil Medical College, Pune, India; D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India; Department of Social Welfare, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Contrôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Non-communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Clinical Neurological Sciences, London, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London, ON, Canada; University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Health Services, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Department of Public Health Medicine, Durban, South Africa; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran; Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Transplant Services, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Area de Estadística, Dirección Actuarial, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Boston, MA, United States; Heart and Vascular Center, Boston, MA, United States; T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Tuberculosis Department, Barcelona, Spain; Israeli Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel; Tuberculosis, Manhiça, Mozambique; Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique; School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, CA, United States; Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Department of Environmental Health Science, Milan, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Renal Medicine, Milan, Italy; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Air Pollution Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Tehran, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Khorramabad, Iran; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France; Dijon Stroke Registry - UFR Sciences Santé, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; Public Health Department, Teppi, Ethiopia; Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biomechanics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Langone Medical Center, WHO Collaborating Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Patient and Population, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; IAHR/ITM, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Chandigarh, India; Department of Pediatrics, Chandigarh, India; School of Public Health, Chandigarh, India; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Centre for Global Chronic Conditions, London, United Kingdom; Department of Disease Control, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, London, United Kingdom; Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Patan, Nepal; Injury Division, New Delhi, India; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, Babol, Iran; Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center, Babol, Iran; Health Research Institute, Babol, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Babol, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol, Iran; Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy; University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Liaison of Turkey, Guillain- Barre Syndrome/Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Foundation International, Conshohocken, PA, United States; Center for the AID Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), TB and HIV Pathogenesis Unit, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS +++UNAIDS), Gaborone, Botswana; Fast-Track Implementation Department, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS +++UNAIDS), Gaborone, Botswana; Global Health Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Health Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; A T Still University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Nursing, St., Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, St., Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Social Science Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food innovations, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Transport and Road Safety Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department for Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; School of Medicine and Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Neuroscience, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama; Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama; Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Panama, Panama; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama; Partners In Health, Boston, MA, United States; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Centre for Population Health Sciences, Singapore, Singapore; LKCMedicine, Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Engineering +++INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Population Studies, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Brain Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Hong Kong; School of Public Health, Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Health Systems Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Development Studies, Mumbai, India; Department of Fertility Studies, Mumbai, India; Department of Population Studies, Mumbai, India; Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, Mumbai, India; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece; Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India; Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Demography and Population Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ministry of Health, Bagdad, Iraq; Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Community Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Adelaide Medical School, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Joanna Briggs Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Robinson Research Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy; Department of Health Assessments and Forecasting, North Rhine-Westphalia Centre for Health, Bochum, Germany; Bielefeld School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Business and Management, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; Faculty of Education, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom; University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; T Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine - Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Biomedical Research Council, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Rheumatology, K G Medical University, Lucknow, India; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Central University of Tamil Nadu, Central University Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, CA, United States; Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Maternal and Child Wellbeing Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; Population Dynamics and Reproductive Health Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Dermatology Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Denver, CO, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Center of Communicable Disease Control, Tehran, Iran; Deputy of Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran; Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, Beijing, China; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Nutrition and Food Systems Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; National Statistical Office, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Chronic Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal; Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Epidemiology Department, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge +++INSA), Lisbon, Portugal; International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Iran; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran; Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Allergy, Asthma, and Bronchitis Institute, Kolkota, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic, and Ageing-Associated Diseases, National Public Health Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Metabolic Epidemiology Section, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan; School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, Valley, Anguilla; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, Valley, Anguilla; School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France; School of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; Commissioner of Public Health, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States; Department of Health Policy, Management and Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Bronx, NY, United States; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics Control, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Vital and Health Statistics, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Trivandrum, India; Cardiology Department, Trivandrum, India; Neurology Department, Trivandrum, India; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Health Education and Health Promotion Department, School of Public Health, India; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Endorinology and Metabolism Research Center, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; A C S Medical College and Hospital, Nastaran, Iran; Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, Bethesda, MD, United States; Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, Bethesda, MD, United States; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Computer Science, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; Solar Cookers International, Sacremento, CA, United States; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Department of Parasitic Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control Delhi, Delhi, India; Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; New South Wales Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Community Medicine, New Delhi, India; Department of Cardiology, New Delhi, India; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, New Delhi, India; Department of Paediatrics, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Institution of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Russian Federation; European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London, United Kingdom; School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Young Investigators, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States; Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Midwifery Program, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia; ODeL campus, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian, and African Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Cardiology, Assuta Hospital, Tel Aviv Yaffo, Israel; Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, India; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan; Department of Statistics, Azad University, Omidiyeh Branch, Iran; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, John H Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, United States; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Knoxville, TN, United States; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya; Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Health Systems and Research Ethics, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Basic Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Belo Horizonte City Hall, Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Disease Control Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Mathematical Modeling in Health Care, Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; School of Social Sciences, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam; West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China; National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China; National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China, Chengdu, China; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Beijing, China; University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy; Department of Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Jena, Germany; Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine, Grant Medical College and Sir J J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Public Risk Management Institute, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Trade and Competitiveness, World Bank, New York, NY, United States; Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Neurology Service, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK, United States; Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, Ipas Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India; Department of Internal Medicine, SevenHills Hospital, Mumbai, India; Research Department Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund +++UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Hypertension, Szczecin, Poland; Emergency Department, Szczecin, Poland; Zdroje Hospital, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Institutional Research, Bellingham Technical College, Bellingham, WA, United States; Institutional Research, Whatcom Community College, Bellingham, WA, United States; Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States; Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research +++ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Pulmonology and Internal Medicine, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India; Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Hospital of Sto António, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan; Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up, Wiesbaden, Germany; Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Wiesbaden, Germany; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India; National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Center for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing and Human Development, Chennai, India; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Department of Public Health, Salus University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; GISED Study Center, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea; Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Mercy Saint Vincent Medical Center, Toledo, OH, United States; Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; National Department of Health, South African Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Institute of Advanced Research, Aix- Marseille University, Marseille, France; Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana; Department of Medicine, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Research, Measurement, and Results, Society for Family Health, Nigeria, FCT, Nigeria; Department of HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Namibia, Oshakati Campus, Namibia; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria; NCD Prevention and Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Health Science, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Health, Lira District Local Government, Lira, Uganda; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; Pneumology Service, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Nephrology and Hypertension, Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; Department of Global Health Nursing, St., Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Department of TB and Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Medicine, University of Ottowa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
