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Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, United States; Department of Epidemiology, United States; Department of Global Health, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, United States; Department of Neurology, United States; Division of Plastic Surgery, United States; Department of Surgery, United States; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Education, United States; Division of Cardiology, United States; Department of Medicine, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Pharmacy, United States; Department of Pediatrics, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, United States; School of Public Health, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, United States; College of Health and Medical Sciences, United States; Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Population and Family Health, United States; Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Mycobacteriology Research Center, United States; Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, United States; Department of Technology and Environmental Health Sciences, United States; Ethiopia Department of Law Philosophy and Economic Studies, Jimma University, Jimma, Rome, Italy; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, United States; Department of Health, United States; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, United States; Department of Health Management and Economics, United States; Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Disease Research Center, United States; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Iran; School of Medicine, United States; Department of Pharmacology, United States; Department of Biostatistics, United States; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, United States; Knowledge Utilization Research Center, United States; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, United States; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Iran; Cancer Research Center, United States; Uro-oncology Research Center, United States; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Iran; Center of Expertise in Microbiology, United States; Cancer Biology Research Center, United States; Department of Anatomy, United States; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, United States; Community-Based Participatory-Research Center, United States; Iran Montreal Neuroimaging Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada; Canada; Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medical Parasitology, Canada; Egypt; Department of Epidemiology, Cairo University, Cairo, Arak, Egypt; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India; Department of Clinical Chemistry, India; Human Nutrition Department, United States; Institute Public of Health, United States; Department Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology, United States; Ethiopia; School of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, United States; Global Health Institute, United States; Anatomy Unit, United States; Biomedical Sciences Division, United States; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, United States; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Health Science, United States; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, United States; Department of Health Sciences, United States; Ethiopia School of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine; Depártment of Epidemiology, United States; Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Benin; Cotonou, Benin; Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal; Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United States; Department of Psychiatry, United States; Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, United States; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; School of Dentistry, United States; Institute for Social Science Research, United States; Queensland Brain Institute, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, United States; University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Nigeria; Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, United States; Department Preventive Medicine, United States; Staufenberg, Germany; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, United States; Australia Emergency Department, Monash University, Saint Mark Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; College of Health Science and Medicine, United States; Ethiopia Sport Science Department, Wolaita Sodo University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; Department of Public Health, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo; Health of the Zio, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Tsevie, Togo; Department of Family Medicine, United States; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, United States; Canada Department of Zoology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Research Group of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia; Research Area for Informatics and Big Data, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Non Communicable Diseases, United States; Indian Institute of Public Health, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India; Department of Anesthesiology, United States; Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, United States; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, United States; Faculty of Public Health, United States; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, United States; Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, United States; Department of Health Education and Promotion, United States; Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, United States; Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, United States; Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, United States; Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, United States; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center, United States; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, United States; Education Development Center, United States; Medical Physics Department, United States; Iran Department of Ophthalmology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, United States; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, United States; Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Cardiovascular Medicine, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Ophthalmic Research Center, United States; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, Moscow, Russian Federation; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, United States; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria; University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology, Lexington, KY, United States; Centre for Global Child Health, United States; Hospital for Sick Children, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, United States; Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Canada; Internal Medicine Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA St Louis Health Care System, United States; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Veterans Affairs, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, St Louis, MO, United States; Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Medical Research Center, United States; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Evidence BasedPractice Center, Rochester, MN, United States; Research Committee, Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, United States; School of Global Health, United States; Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, United States; Cleveland Clinic, Dalhousie University, Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Iran; Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Mumbai, India; Iran; Research School of Population Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australia; Australia Monitoring Evaluation and Learning Unit, Australian National University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Obstetrics and Gynecology, United States; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, United States; Department of Medical Mycology, United States; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, United States; Foundation University Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, United States; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, United States; Immunogenetics Research Center, United States; Department of Immunology, United States; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Institute of Public Health, United States; Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, United States; Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Sansom Institute, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Australia Bahir Dar University, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, United States; Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Health Sciences, United States; Center for Research on Population and Health, United States; Department Population Health, United States; Lebanon Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, United States; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, United States; Anatomy and Embryology Department, United States; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Social of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Madrid, Spain; Department of Midwifery, United States; Tuberculosis Department, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Health Policy and Administration, United States; Development and Communication Studies, United States; Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; School of Nursing, United States; Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China Independent Consultant, Kabul, Afghanistan; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Adum, Ghana; School of Medical Sciences, United States; Department of Sociology and Social Work, United States; Center for International Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Health Management and Economics Research Center, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, United States; Air Pollution Research Center, United States; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, United States; Department of Neuroscience, United States; Department of Health Policy, United States; Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Physiology Research Center, United States; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurobiology, United States; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, United States; Karolinska Institutet, School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Inc. Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; School of Business, United States; Department of Community Health, United States; Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Judith Lumley Centre, Australia; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia; Austin Clinical School of Nursing, United States; Department of Psychology and Counselling, United States; Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Community and Global Health, United States; Department of Mental Health, United States; Department of Global Health Policy, United States; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, United States; Japan; Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, United States; Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, United States; Applied Research Division, United States; Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Canada Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Public Health Agency of Canada, Chennai, India; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Syrian Arab Republic; Syrian Expatriate Medical Association (SEMA), Syrian Arab Republic; Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil; Australia Department of Epidemiology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States; Charlottesville, VA, United States; Division of Cardiovascular and Clinical Epidemiology, United States; Department of Radiology, United States; Department of Laboratory Sciences, United States; Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatology, United States; Department of Hypertension, Johns Hopkins University, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Transplant Services, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, United States; Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, United States; Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology, United States; School of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, United States; University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Non-communicable Diseases Department, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Medical Clinic V, United States; Augenpraxis Jonas, Switzerland; Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Nutrition, United States; Ariadne Labs, United States; Department of Genetics, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, United States; Heart and Vascular Center, United States; Department of Earth Science, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, United States; Melbourne Medical School, Stanford University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Austria; Department of Renal Medicine, United States; Department of Oncology, United States; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, University Hospital Munich, Social and Environmental Medicine, Munich, Germany; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Social Determinants of Health Center, United States; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France; University of Burgundy, Dijon Stroke Registry - Ufr Sciences Santé, Dijon, France; Public Health Department, United States; Pharmacy Department, United States; Mizan- Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; Department of Nursing, United States; College of Health Sciences, United States; Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, United States; Yale University, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Nuffield Department of Population Health, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, United Kingdom; Big Data Institute, United Kingdom; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, United States; Division of Ophthalmology, United States; Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital, United States; Singapore National Eye Centre, Medical Retina, Singapore; Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, United States; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, United States; Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad De Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, United States; Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science, University of Sao Paulo, NY, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Pharmacy, United States; School of Allied Health Sciences, United States; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dental Institute, United States; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, United States; Division of Patient and Population, United States; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, United States; Hubert Department of Global Health, King's College London, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; University of Birmingham, IAHR/ITM, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Russian Federation; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Paris, France; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Chandigarh, India; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, United States; Department of Medical Statistics, United States; Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, United States; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Patan, Nepal; Center for Excellence in Women and Child Health, United States; Human Development Programme, United States; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Health Research Institute, United States; Health Research Institute of University Hospital de la Princesa, Service of Pulmonology, Madrid, Spain; University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, United States; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, United States; Immunoregulation Research Center, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, United States; Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, United States; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, United States; Imperial College London, UWoldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh; Research Triangle Institute International, Global Health Division, NC, United States; University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; A T Still University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, United States; Department of Psychosocial Science, United States; Department of Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Oregon Health and Science University, Radiation Medicine, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, United States; Centre for Adolescent Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Population Health Group, United States; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, United States; School of Health Sciences, United States; Department of Paediatrics, United States; Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Vital and Health Statistics, United States; Department of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Control, United States; Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Transport and Road Safety Research, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Australia; School of Community Medicine, United States; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore; School of Psychiatry, United States; Vision and Eye Research Unit, University of New South Wales, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Population and Public Health, United States; Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, United States; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India; College of Public Health, United States; Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, United States; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Ohio State University, Heidelberg, Germany; Committee for Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Inc, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, Neuroscience Department, City Of Knowledge, Panama; Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, United States; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama; Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Center for Health Systems Research, United States; Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, United States; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, United States; Department of Tobacco Research, United States; United States; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, United States; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Portugal; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; UCIBIO, Portugal; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, United States; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), Portugal; University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, United States; National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, United States; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Costa Rican Department of Social Security, National University of Colombia, Area de Estadística, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australia; Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, United States; Brain Institute, United States; Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, United States; University of Hong Kong, China; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Zhunan Township, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, United States; Department of Development Studies, United States; Department of Population Studies, United States; Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, United States; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Faculty of Medical Sciences, United States; Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, United States; University of West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Statistics, United States; Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, United States; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Department of Paediatric Cardiology, United States; Epidemiology and Disease Control, United States; Research Department, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Saudi Arabia; NCD Prevention and Control Unit, United States; Health and Disability Intelligence Group, United States; Policy and Planning Division, United States; Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq; Seoul National University Hospital, Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital, United States; Department of Criminology, University of California Irvine, Law and Society, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Denmark; Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), United States; Vellore, India; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, United States; Department of Health Informatics, United States; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, United States; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy; Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Education, United States; Institute of Physical Activity and Health, United States; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; School of Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; T Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States; Atlanta, GA, United States; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, United States; Department of Preventive Dentistry, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Russian Federation; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Internal Medicine Department, University of California San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United States; Department of Reproductive Health, United States; Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; ClinicalToxicology Service, United States; Biomedical Research Council, United States; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, James P Grant School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom; Research and Evaluation Division, United States; BRAC University, Thiruvarur, India; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Australia; Griffith University, Aurora, CO, United States; US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Dermatology Service, United States; Denver, CO, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, United States; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, United States; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Department of Global Health and Infection, Aksum University, Brighton, United Kingdom; National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India; University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Health Research Section, United States; Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, United States; Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Faculty of Social Sciences, United States; Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Sydney School of Public Health, Australia; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, United States; Sydney Medical School, Australia; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, United States; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Nursing, Umea University, Umea, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Policy and Epidemiology Group, United States; Child and Youth Mental Health, United States; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; College of Medicine, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Louisville, KY, United States; National Statistical Office, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Social Determinants of Health Research, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, United States; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand; Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal; Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Epidemiology and Public Health, United States; Malaria Vaccines, United States; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), United States; Tbilisi, Georgia; Manhica Health Research Center, Manhica, Mozambique; Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Wageningen University and Research, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Institute for Global Health Sciences, United States; Department of Biostatistics,Epidemiology, United States; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bronchitis Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Ageing-associated Diseases, United States; Center for Research in Evaluation and Surveys, United States; National Public Health Institute, Texas Tech University, TX, United States; Unit of Academic Primary Care, United States; Division of Health Sciences, United States; Adelaide Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; Department of Microbiology, United States; Saint James School of Medicine, Commissioner of Public Health, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States; Department of Health Policy, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Management and Leadership, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Department of Preventive Cardiology, Jaipur, India; Department of Cardiology, United States; Department of Population Health, United States; Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Ramón de la Fuente Muniz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; University of Kinshasa, School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Congo; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Clinical Neurological Sciences, United States; Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Population Health Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, China; Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, United States; Cardiology Department, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, United States; Research and Development Unit, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Department of Pharmacology, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Health Education and Health Promotion Department, School of Public Health, United States; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Tabriz, Iran; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Clinical Sciences Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia; University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, United States; Division of Scientific Programs, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, United States; National Institutes of Health, University of Texas Austin, TX, United States; School of Health, United States; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, United States; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Manipal, India; University of Human Development, United States; Department of Computer Science, United States; University of Human Development, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia; Central South University, Changsha, China; University Institute Egas Moniz, Monte Da Caparica, Portugal; National Centre for Register-Based Research, United States; Section of Population Health Metrics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; International Center for Nutrition and Information, United States; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, University of Liberia, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Japan; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, United States; Global Health and Development Department, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, United States; Taiwan Surveillance and Health Services Research, Taipei Medical University, American Cancer Society, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Department of Parasitic Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control Delhi, Delhi, India; Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Graduate Studies, United States; Institute of Medicine, United States; University of Colombo, Sri Lanka; Cardio-Metabolic Group, United States; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Environmental Research Center, United States; Global Health Research Center, United States; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Duke Kunshan University, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; New South Wales Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Community Medicine, United States; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, United States; HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran; Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Radiation Oncology, United States; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, United States; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Czestochowa University of Technology, New Delhi, India; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; University College Cork, School of Public Health, Cork, Ireland; Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Nephrology, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, India; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department for Epidemiology, Braunschweig, Germany; Quality and Equity Healthcare, Kigali, Rwanda; School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States; University of Tulsa, Health Care Delivery Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States; ODeL Campus, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, United States; Alcohol,Tobacco and other Drug Use Research Unit, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South Africa; Medical Research Council South Africa, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, United States; Institute of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Assuta Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan; Department of Statistics, Omidiyeh Branch, Azad University, Iran; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Jr Hospital of Cook County, John H Stroger, Chicago, IL, United States; Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; Institute of Health Policy and Management, United States; Department of Basic Sciences, United States; International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, United States; Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Research and Data Solutions, Nairobi, Kenya; Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, South Korea; Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, United States; Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, United States; Institute of Health and Society, United States; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Health Economics and Social Security, United States; Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Centre for Disease Burden, United States; Division of Mental and Physical Health, United States; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada; Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, United States; Department of Demography, United States; University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Food Technology, Ghent University, Safety and Health, Ghent, Belgium; Population and Work Ability Program, United States; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Relaciones Internacionales, Queretaro, Mexico; Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, United States; Regional Centre for Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China; National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China; National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China, Chengdu, China; Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Center, United States; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes,Inc, Quezon City, Philippines; Samara University, Samara, Russian Federation; University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China; University of Haifa, School of Public Health, Haifa, Israel; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Beijing, China; University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Innovation Office, United States; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Germany; Jena, Germany; General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust (NHS), United Kingdom; Liverpool, United Kingdom; Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore; Nursing School, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, United States; Hospital of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, United States; Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Neurology Service, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Campus Caucaia, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; University of East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Graduate School, Quezon City, Philippines; National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, United States; Regional Medical Research Centre, United States; Division of Noncommunicable Diseases, United States; Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Bengaluru, India; Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom; National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Preventive Oncology, Noida, India; Sevenhills Hospital, Mumbai, India; Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, United States; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, United States; Germany; College of Health Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States; United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Peru Country Office, Peru; Lima, Peru; Neurocenter, United States; Breast Surgery Unit, United States; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, United States; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Pharmacy, Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Hypertension, United States; Zdroje Hospital, Poland; Emergency Department, United States; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States; National Institute of Statistics, President's Office, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States; Health Research Center, United States; Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Lancaster, United Kingdom; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, United States; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, United States; Hospital Center of Porto, Queensland University of Technology, Santo Antonio Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, United States; Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up, United States; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kolkata, India; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Institute of Mother and Child Care, Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, United States; Department of Entomology, United States; Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Health Economics and Financing Research Group, United States; Maternal and Child Health Division, United States; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Cardiology Department, Bucharest, Romania; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Neurosciences Department, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Health Economics and Finance, United States; Department of Health Economics, United States; Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Sociology and Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan; Institute of Advanced Research, Aix-Marseille University, France; Accra, Ghana; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, United States; Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Human Sciences Research Council, Department of HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB, Durban, South Africa; Oshakati Campus, University of Namibia, Namibia; University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria; Institute of Health Science, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Pneumology Service, United States; Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of TB and Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom; Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; HIV/AIDS Program, Health, Nutrition, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia; Glenelg, SA, Australia; Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Environmental Hygiene, United States; German Federal Environment Agency, Dessau-Roblau, Germany; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Government Medical College, Nagpur, India; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Medichem, Barcelona, Spain; Contech School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lahore, Pakistan; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Nephrology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, South Korea; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; Department OfClinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Ikiam Amazon Regional University, Biotechnology, Ciudad De Tena, Ecuador; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Health, School of Health and Policy Management, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Anarkali, Pakistan; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research, Nephrology Group, Madrid, Spain; Regional Health Administration Do Norte I P, Vila Nova De Gaia, Portugal; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia; Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Istanbul, Turkey; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), South Africa; North-west University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Medical Statistics, University of Zagreb, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Langone Medical Center, United States; Institute of Environmental Medicine, United States; Public Health Division, New York University, New York, NY, United States
