Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M. Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Victor Aboyans, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Pawan Acharya, Ilana N. Ackerman, Abdu A. Adamu, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Zanfina Ademi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Mina G. Adib, Jose C. Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi, Mohsen Afarideh, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Kareha M. Agesa, Rakesh Aggarwal, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Anurag Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Alaa Alashi, Seyed Moayed Alavian, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'A Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Jordi Alonso, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Leopold N. Aminde, Erfan Amini, Mohammadreza Amiresmaili, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Johan Ärnlöv, Amit Arora, Megha Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna K. Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Zerihun Ataro, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide F.G.A. Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Rakesh Ayer, Peter S. Azzopardi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Hamid Badali, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A. Barboza, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Simon Barquera, Lope H. Barrero, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Eyasu Tamru Bekru, Abate Bekele Belachew, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L. Bell, Aminu K. Bello, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S. Bernstein, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj Bhala, Samir Bhatt, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Molly H. Biehl, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Donal Bisanzio, Tone Bjorge, Archie Bleyer, Eshetu Mulisa Bobasa, Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Oliver J. Brady, Luisa C. Brant, Carol Brayne, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J.K. Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Paul Svitil Briant, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Rachelle Buchbinder, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A. Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J. Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castaneda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Kelly M. Cercy, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J. Charlson, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J. Choi, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Massimo Cirillo, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Cyrus Cooper, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H. Criqui, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Marita Cross, John A. Crump, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I. Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Hans De Steur, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C. Des Jarlais, Subhojit Dey, Samath D. Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, M. Ashworth Dirac, Shirin Djalalinia, Linh Doan, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, E. Ray Dorsey, Kerrie E. Doyle, Tim Robert Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre R. Duraes, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Michelle M. Echko, Dumessa Edessa, David Edvardsson, Andem Effiong, Anne Elise Eggen, Joshua R. Ehrlich, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Ziad El-Khatib, Iqbal R.F. Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Melese Linger Endalifer, Aman Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Holly E. Erskine, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Hamed Fakhim, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Talha A. Farid, Carla Sofia E. Sá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Valery L. Feigin, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C. Fernandes, Alize J. Ferrari, Manuela L. Ferreira, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Nataliya A. Foigt, Kyle J. Foreman, Tahvi D. Frank, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, Joao M. Furtado, Emmanuela Gakidou, Seana Gall, Silvano Gallus, Morsaleh Ganji, Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro, William M. Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Peter W. Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Mamata Ghimire, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Ellen M. Goldberg, Srinivas Goli, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N. Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Taren M. Gorman, Alessandra C. Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Francis Guillemin, Yuming Guo, Prakash C. Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Bishal Gyawali, Juanita A. Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Tekleberhan B. Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J. Handal, Graeme J. Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L. Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Hamidreza Haririan, Josep Maria Haro, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Roderick J. Hay, Simon I. Hay, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Behzad Heibati, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Pouria Heydarpour, Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu, Hans W. Hoek, Howard J. Hoffman, Michael K. Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H. Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J. Hotez, Damian G. Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Aung Soe Htet, John J. Huang, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Chad Thomas Ikeda, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Spencer L. James, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Catherine O. Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Chittaranjan Kar, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Narges Karimi, Seyed M. Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H. Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Masoud Masoud Keighobadi, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Muhammad Ali Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mona M. Khater, Mohammad Khazaei, Abdullah T. Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri, Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Cho-Il Kim, Daniel Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A. Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Georgios A. Kotsakis, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Kristopher J. Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G. Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Igor Kuzin, Deepesh P. Lad, Sheetal D. Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Faris Hasan Lami, Justin J. Lang, Sinéad M. Langan, Van C. Lansingh, Arman Latifi, Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Janet L. Leasher, Jorge R. Ledesma, Paul H. Lee, James Leigh, Mostafa Leili, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Yichong Li, Xiaofeng Liang, Yu Liao, Misgan Legesse Liben, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S. Lim, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Katharine J. Looker, Alan D. Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Tim C.D. Lucas, Raimundas Lunevicius, Ronan A. Lyons, Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T. Mackay, Emilie R. Maddison, Fabiana Madotto, Dhaval P. Maghavani, Hue Thi Mai, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Ana-Laura Manda, Helena Manguerra, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Joemer C. Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Ashley Marks, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Winfried März, Melvin B. Marzan, Joao Massano, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Pallab K. Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Brian J. McMahon, Suresh Mehata, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M. Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez, Tesfa Mekonen, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Peter T.N. Memiah, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Getnet Mengistu, George A. Mensah, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Anoushka I. Millear, Ted R. Miller, G.K. Mini, Mojde Mirarefin, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Philip B. Mitchell, Habtamu Mitiku, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Moslem Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mohammed A. Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H. Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Julio Cesar Montanez, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ghobad Moradi, Mahmoudreza Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mehdi Moradinazar, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Joana Morgado-Da-Costa, Shane Douglas Morrison, Marilita M. Moschos, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Kalayu Brhane Mruts, Achenef Asmamaw Muche, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Oumer Sada Muhammed, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Kate Muller, John Everett Mumford, G.V.S. Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Ashraf F. Nabhan, Chie Nagata, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Azin Nahvijou, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Hae Sung Nam, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Nahid Neamati, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Subas Neupane, Charles Richard James Newton, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anh Quynh Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Ha Thu Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Huong Thanh Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Nam Ba Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Molly R. Nixon, Shuhei Nomura, Mehdi Noroozi, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Hamid Reza Nouri, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Mohammad Reza Nowroozi, Elaine O. Nsoesie, Peter S. Nyasulu, Christopher M. Odell, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew T. Olagunju, Tinuke O. Olagunju, Pedro R. Olivares, Helen Elizabeth Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Kanyin L. Ong, Sok King Ong, Eyal Oren, Alberto Ortiz, Erika Ota, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Simon Overland, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, P.A. Mahesh, Rosana Pacella, Abhijit P. Pakhare, Amir H. Pakpour, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Eun-Kee Park, James Park, Charles D.H. Parry, Hadi Parsian, Yahya Pasdar, Shanti Patel, Snehal T. Patil, Ajay Patle, George C. Patton, Vishnupriya Rao Paturi, Deepak Paudel, Katherine R. Paulson, Neil Pearce, Alexandre Pereira, David M. Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Max Petzold, Hai Quang Pham, Michael R. Phillips, David M. Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Michael A. Piradov, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Farhad Pishgar, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Suzanne Polinder, Svetlana Popova, Maarten J. Postma, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Swayam Prakash, V. Prakash, Narayan Prasad, Caroline A. Purcell, Mostafa Qorbani, D. Alex Quistberg, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Kazem Rahimi, Zohreh Rahimi, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Fatemeh Rajati, Prabhat Ranjan, Puja C. Rao, Davide Rasella, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, K. Srinath Reddy, Robert C. Reiner, Marissa Bettay Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M.N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro, Nicholas L.S. Roberts, Stephen R. Robinson, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ali Rostami, Gregory A. Roth, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Enrico Rubagotti, Perminder S. Sachdev, Nafis Sadat, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Hosein Safari, Yahya Safari, Roya Safari-Faramani, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Haniye Sadat Sajadi, Nasir Salam, Joseph S. Salama, Payman Salamati, Zikria Saleem, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Joshua A. Salomon, Sundeep Santosh Salvi, Inbal Salz, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Damian Francesco Santomauro, Itamar S. Santos, Joao Vasco Santos, Milena M. Santric Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Mayank Sardana, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Arundhati R. Sawant, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Elke Schaeffner, Maria Ines Schmidt, Ione J.C. Schneider, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, James G. Scott, Mario Sekerija, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Mehdi Shahbazi, Amira A. Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammadbagher Shamsi, Heidar Sharafi, Kiomars Sharafi, Mehdi Sharif, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Jayendra Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Aziz Sheikh, Peilin Shi, Kenji Shibuya, Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Ivy Shiue, Yalda Shokoohinia, Farhad Shokraneh, Haitham Shoman, Mark G. Shrime, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Abla Mehio Sibai, Tariq J. Siddiqi, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Joao Pedro Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Narayana Sarma Venkata Singam, Jasvinder A. Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Virendra Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Eirini Skiadaresi, Vegard Skirbekk, Karen Sliwa, David L. Smith, Mari Smith, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Soheila Sobhani, Moslem Soofi, Reed J.D. Sorensen, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Luciano A. Sposato, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Vinay Srinivasan, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Vladimir I. Starodubov, Dan J. Stein, Caitlyn Steiner, Timothy J. Steiner, Mark A. Stokes, Lars Jacob Stovner, Michelle L. Subart, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'Awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Gerhard Sulo, Bruno F. Sunguya, Patrick John Sur, Bryan L. Sykes, P.N. Sylaja, Dillon O. Sylte, Cassandra E.I. Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Nikhil Tandon, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Nuno Taveira, Hugh R. Taylor, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tigist Gashaw Tekalign, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Belay Tessema, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Andrew Theis, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Nihal Thomas, Binyam Tilahun, Quyen G. To, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Anna E. Torre, Miguel Tortajada-Girbés, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Christopher E. Troeger, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, Derrick Tsoi, Lorainne Tudor Car, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Rachel L. Updike, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A. Uthman, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Afsane Vaezi, Pascual R. Valdez, Elena Varavikova, Santosh Varughese, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Santos Villafaina, Francesco S. Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Kia Vosoughi, Isidora S. Vujcic, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Yafeng Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G. Weintraub, Daniel J. Weiss, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Andrea Werdecker, T. Eoin West, Ronny Westerman, Harvey A. Whiteford, Justyna Widecka, Tissa Wijeratne, Hywel C. Williams, Lauren B. Wilner, Shadrach Wilson, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Alison B. Wiyeh, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Anthony D. Woolf, Grant M.A. Wyper, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu, Simon Yadgir, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Lijing L. Yan, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin, Alex Yeshaneh, Ebrahim M. Yimer, Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok-Jun Yoon, Marcel Yotebieng, Mustafa Z. Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Vesna Zadnik, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Hamed Zandian, Heather J. Zar, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Ben Zipkin, Maigeng Zhou, Sanjay Zodpey, Inbar Zucker, Liesl Joanna Zuhlke, Christopher J.L. Murray
Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the ?ve leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, United States; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, United States; Division of Hematology, United States; Department of Neurology, United States; Department of Periodontics, United States; Division of Plastic Surgery, United States; Department of Medicine, United States; Department of Surgery, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Pharmacy, United States; Department of Pediatrics, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, United States; School of Public Health, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, United States; College of Health and Medical Sciences, United States; Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, United States; School of Allied Health Sciences, United States; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Law Philosophy and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Community-Based Participatory-Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Montreal Neuroimaging Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Human Nutrition Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, University of Medical Science, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France; Institute of Epidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine; Cotonou, Benin; Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal; Department of Non-Communicable Diseases, United States; Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, United States; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Emergency Department, Saint Mark Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt; Sport Science Department, United States; University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; Department of Public Health, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo; Prefectoral Direction of the Health of the Zio, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Tsevie, Togo; Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia; Research Group of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia; Research Area for Informatics and Big Data, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, United States; Sleep Disorders Research Center, United States; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, United States; Faculty of Public Health, United States; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, United States; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, United States; Department of Health Education and Promotion, United States; Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, United States; Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, United States; Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, United States; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, United States; Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Economics and Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management, and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Algeria; Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Internal Medicine Department, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA St Louis Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, United States; Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Public Health, United States; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, United States; Department of Medical Mycology, United States; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, United States; Health Sciences Research Center, United States; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, United States; Invasive Fungi Research Center, United States; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, United States; Immunogenetics Research Center, United States; Department of Immunology, United States; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Program in Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovations, Australia; School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Institute for Social Science Research, United States; Queensland Brain Institute, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, United States; Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, United States; Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, United States; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, United States; Anatomy and Embryology Department, United States; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Kabul, Afghanistan; Health Management and Economics Research Center, United States; Air Pollution Research Center, United States; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, United States; Department of Neuroscience, United States; Department of Health Policy, United States; Department of Community Medicine, United States; Physiology Research Center, United States; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; School of Science and Health, United States; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, United States; Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Center for Health Systems Research, United States; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, United States; Centro de Investigacion en Nutricion y Salud, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Contrôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India; Indian Institute of Public Health, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Department of Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Transplant Services, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; Area de Estadística, Dirección Actuarial, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Clinic v, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Global Health and Population, United States; T H Chan School of Public Health, United States; Ariadne Labs, United States; Department of Genetics, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, United States; Heart and Vascular Center, United States; Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Psychiatry, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India; Department of Renal Medicine, United States; Department of Oncology, United States; Department of Environmental Health Science, United States; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, United States; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Public Health Department, United States; Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, United States; Anatomy Unit, United States; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, United States; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Nuffield Department of Population Health, United States; Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, United States; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, United States; Department of Psychiatry, United States; Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, United States; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Patient and Population, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; IAHR, ITM, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, United States; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, United States; Division of Brain Sciences, United States; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Health Research Institute, United States; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, United States; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, United States; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh; Global Health Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Evidence-based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Research, United States; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Radiation Medicine, United States; Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Vital and Health Statistics, United States; Department of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics Control, United States; Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Transport and Road Safety Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine and Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Committee for Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City Of Knowledge, Panama; Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, United States; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Public Health, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; School of Population and Public Health, United States; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE, LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Community Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Brain Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, United States; University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Athens, Greece; Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq; Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, United States; Department of Endocrinology, United States; Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy; Faculty of Education, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, United States; Sydney School of Public Health, United States; Sydney Medical School, United States; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, United States; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Council, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Information Services Division, United States; National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Swedish Family Medicine - First Hill, Seattle, WA, United States; Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Health Service Management, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Institute for Health Care Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Epidemiology and Disease Control, United States; Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore; Psychiatric Epidemiology and Burden of Disease Research, United States; Policy and Epidemiology Group, United States; Child and Youth Mental Health, United States; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; National Statistical Office, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal; Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; Department of Health Sciences, United States; A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Malaria Vaccines, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique; Tuberculosis Department, United States; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Directorate General for Public Health, Regional Health Council, Madrid, Spain; Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Allergy, Asthma and Bronchitis Institute, Kolkota, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, India; Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Adelaide Medical School, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Department of Population Studies, United States; Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, United States; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States; Department of Health Policy, Management and Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre, Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Population Health Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiology Department, United States; Health Education and Health Promotion Department, United States; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, India; Neurology Department, United States; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Tabriz, Iran; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Division of Scientific Programs, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia; International Relations Division, Ministry of Health and Sports, United States; Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Department of Parasitic Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control Delhi, Delhi, India; Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; New South Wales Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Department of Nephrology, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, India; Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda; School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States; Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States; ODeL Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian, and African Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Cardiology, Assuta Hospital, Tel Aviv Yaffo, Israel; Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan; Department of Statistics, Azad University, Omidiyeh Branch, Iran; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, John H Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, United States; Department of Psychology, United States; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Research Department, Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya; Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya; Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Centre for Disease Burden, United States; Division of Mental and Physical Health, United States; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada; Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Population and Work Ability Program, United States; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq; Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-Related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Center, United States; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Beijing, China; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, United States; School of Health Sciences, United States; Department of Medicines, United States; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Jena, Germany; General Surgery Department, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine, Grant Medical College, Sir J J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Graduate School, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Neurology, Hospital Center of St John, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom; Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK, United States; Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, Ipas Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sevenhills Hospital, Mumbai, India; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States; Research Department Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Peru Country Office, Lima, Peru; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Ozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Zdroje Hospital, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States; President's Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Health Systems Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, United States; Hospital de Sto António, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, United States; Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up, United States; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea; Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé i, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Neurosciences, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department off Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Health Economics and Finance, United States; Department of Health Economics, United States; Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan; Accra, Ghana; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Department of HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Namibia, Oshakati Campus, Namibia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria; NCD Prevention and Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Health Science, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Institute for Health Research Foundation, Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of TB and Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom; Health Outcomes, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; Population Health Group, United States; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Research Department, Diabetes Research Society, Hyderabad, India; Clinical Research Department, DiabetOmics, Portland, OR, United States; Health, Nutrition, and HIV/AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia; Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; Glenelg, SA, Australia; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Medichem, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Sweidi Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, North-West University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Hypertension in Africa Research Team, North-West University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Biotechnology, Ikiam Amazon Regional University, Ciudad De Tena, Ecuador; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Anarkali, Pakistan; Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Clinical Research Division, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India; Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Nephrology Group, Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, Regional Health Administration Do Norte i P, Vila Nova De Gaia, Portugal; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed University), Pune, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Health, Thimphi, Bhutan; University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil; Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, United States; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Neuro Centre, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia; Department of Community Health, United States; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States; University Institute Egas Moniz, Monte Da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Syrian Expatriate Medical Association, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland; Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; School of Government, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Schneider Institutes for Health Policy, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States; Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad De Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Staufenberg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Bone and Joint Research Group, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom; University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Earth Science, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardebil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Israeli Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel; School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
