Christopher J.L. Murray, Charlton S.K.H. Callender, Xie Rachel Kulikoff, Vinay Srinivasan, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M. Abay, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Omar Abdel-Rahman, Alireza Abdi, Nasrin Abdoli, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Haftom Temesgen Abebe, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Teshome Abuka Abebo, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Victor Aboyans, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Daisy Maria Xavier Abreu, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Pawan Acharya, Abdu A. Adamu, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mina G. Adib, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Jose C. Adsuar, Mohsen Afarideh, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Kareha M. Agesa, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Ali S. Akanda, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Mohammed Akibu, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Animut Alebel, Alicia V. Aleman, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Raghib Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Ali Almasi, Jordi Alonso, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T. Amare, Walid Ammar, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Hossein Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Nicholas Arian, Johan Ärnlöv, Al Artaman, Krishna K. Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Reza Assadi, Tesfay Mehari Mehari Atey, Suleman Atique, Madhu Sudhan Atteraya, Marcel Ausloos, Euripide F.G.A. Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Yohanes Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Tambe B. Ayuk, Peter S. Azzopardi, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Arefeh Babazadeh, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H. Barrero, Huda Basaleem, Quique Bassat, Arindam Basu, Bernhard T. Baune, Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Abate Bekele Belachew, Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay, Ezra Belay, Saba Abraham Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L. Bell, Aminu K. Bello, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Gilles Bergeron, Adugnaw Berhane, Adam E. Berman, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S. Bernstein, Gregory J. Bertolacci, Mircea Beuran, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Sait Mentes Birlik, Charles Birungi, Tuhin Biswas, Hailemichael Bizuneh, Archie Bleyer, Berrak Bora Basara, Cristina Bosetti, Soufiane Boufous, Oliver J. Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Michael Brainin, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J.K. Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Jerry D. Brewer, Paul Svitil Briant, Gabrielle Britton, Roy Burstein, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A. Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Mate Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J. Carrero, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alanur Çavlin, Ester Cerin, Julian Chalek, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Ken Lee Chin, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J. Choi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Liliana G. Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M. Claro, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Maria-Magdalena Constantin, Sara Conti, Cyrus Cooper, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Leslie Cornaby, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Megan Costa, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Christopher Stephen Crowe, Petra Cukelj, Matthew Cunningham, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I. Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Tizta Tilahun Degfie, Selina Deiparine, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Balem Demtsu, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C. Des Jarlais, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Samath D. Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Daniel Dicker, Eric L. Ding, Girmaye Deye Dinsa, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Kate A. Dolan, Kerrie E. Doyle, Tim R. Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Andre R. Duraes, Soheil Ebrahimpour, David Edvardsson, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Ziad El-Khatib, Iqbal Rf Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Reza Esmaeili, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Hamed Fakhim, Tamer Farag, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Carla Sofia E. SáFarinha, Andre Faro, Maryam S. Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Kairsten A. Fay, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Valery L. Feigin, Andrea B. Feigl, Fariba Feizy, Ama P. Fenny, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Florian Fischer, Luisa Sorio Flor, Nataliya A. Foigt, Kyle J. Foreman, Carla Fornari, Thomas Fürst, Takeshi Fukumoto, John E. Fuller, Nancy Fullman, Emmanuela Gakidou, Silvano Gallus, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Morsaleh Ganji, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Gregory M. Garcia, Miguel Á. Garcia-Gordillo, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Teshome Gebre, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Peter Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Hesam Ghiasvand, Mamata Ghimire, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Srinivas Goli, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N. Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alessandra C. Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander C. Gugnani, Jingwen Guo, Yuming Guo, Prakash C. Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Juanita A. Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Tekleberhan B. Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J. Handal, Graeme J. Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L. Harb, Hamidreza Haririan, Josep Maria Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I. Hay, Yihua He, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Mohamed I. Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Nathaniel J. Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Desalegn T. Hibstu, Michael K. Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H. Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Meimanat M. Hosseini Chavoshi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mohamed Hsairi, Thomas Hsiao, Guoqing Hu, John J. Huang, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Ehimario U. Igumbor, Chad Thomas Ikeda, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Asnake Ararsa Irenso, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi Isehunwa, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Moti Tolera Jalu, Spencer L. James, Simerjot K. Jassal, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Umesh Kapil, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Seyed M. Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H. Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes Kassa, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Anshul Kastor, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Seifu Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Maia Kereselidze, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Tripti Khanna, Mona M. Khater, Alireza Khatony, Zahra Khazaeipour, Habibolah Khazaie, Abdullah T. Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Getiye D. Kibret, Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Paul Evan Kilgore, Daniel Kim, Jun Y. Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Sanjay Kinra, Adnan Kisa, Mika Kivimäki, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A. Kopec, Margaret N. Kosek, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Kristopher J. Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G. Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Fekede Asefa Kumsa, Michael J. Kutz, Sheetal D. Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Hilton Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Justin J. Lang, Sonia Lansky, Van C. Lansingh, Dennis Odai Laryea, Zohra S. Lassi, Arman Latifi, Avula Laxmaiah, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, James B. Lee, Paul H. Lee, James Leigh, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Samson Leta, Miriam Levi, Shanshan Li, Xiaohong Li, Yichong Li, Juan Liang, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Lee-Ling Lim, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Raimundas Lunevicius, Crispin Mabika Mabika, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T. Mackay, Fabiana Madotto, Tarek Abd Elaziz Mahmood, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Abdullah A. Mamun, Wondimu Ayele Manamo, Ana-Laura Manda, Srikanth Mangalam, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Dadi Marami, Joemer C. Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Shakhnazarova Marina, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Winfried März, Melvin B. Marzan, Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson, Felix Masiye, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Pallab K. Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, John J. McGrath, Suresh Mehata, Sanjay Madhav Mehendale, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ravi Mehrotra, Saeed Mehrzadi, Kala M. Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Tefera C. Mekonnen, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam Meles, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Peter T.N. Memiah, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Getnet Mengistu, George A. Mensah, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Yode Miangotar, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Ted R. Miller, Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie, G.K. Mini, Parvaneh Mirabi, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Babak Moazen, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Moslem Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Maryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Mohammed A. Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Glen Dl Mola, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Julio Cesar Montañez, Ghobad Moradi, Mahmoudreza Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mehdi Moradinazar, Paula Moraga, Joana Morgado-Da-Costa, Rintaro Mori, Shane Douglas Morrison, Abbas Mosapour, Marilita M. Moschos, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Achenef Asmamaw Muche, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Tasha B. Murphy, Kate Muller, G.V.S. Murthy, Jonah Musa, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Jean B. Nachega, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Azin Nahvijou, Gurudatta Naik, Paulami Naik, Farid Najafi, Luigi Naldi, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Haseeb Nawaz, Busisiwe P. Ncama, Nahid Neamati, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Subas Neupane, Charles Richard James Newton, Frida N. Ngalesoni, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Grant Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Molly R. Nixon, Shuhei Nomura, Mehdi Noroozi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Hamid Reza Nouri, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Mohammad Reza Nowroozi, Alypio Nyandwi, Peter S. Nyasulu, Christopher M. Odell, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Anselm Okoro, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew T. Olagunju, Tinuke O. Olagunju, Pedro R. Olivares, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Sok King Ong, Alberto Ortiz, Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman, Erika Ota, Brenda Achieng Otieno, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, Abayomi Samuel Oyekale, P.A. Mahesh, Smita Pakhale, Abhijit P. Pakhare, Adrian Pana, Basant Kumar Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Achyut Raj Pandey, Eun-Kee Park, Hadi Parsian, Shanti Patel, Snehal T. Patil, Ajay Patle, George C. Patton, Vishnupriya Rao Paturi, Deepak Paudel, Marcel Moraes Pedroso, Emmanuel K. Peprah, David M. Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, William A. Petri, Max Petzold, Maxwell Pierce, David M. Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, Maarten J. Postma, Farshad Pourmalek, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Swayam Prakash, Narayan Prasad, Caroline A. Purcell, Manorama B. Purwar, Mostafa Qorbani, Reginald Quansah, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Md Shafiur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Fatemeh Rajati, Sasa Rajsic, Usha Ram, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Prabhat Ranjan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Sarah E. Ray, Christian Razo-García, Robert C. Reiner, Cesar Reis, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M.N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Satar Rezaei, Shahab Rezaeian, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Kedir Teji Roba, Nicholas L.S. Roberts, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ali Rostami, Enrico Rubagotti, George Mugambage Ruhago, Yogesh Damodar Sabde, Perminder S. Sachdev, Basema Saddik, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Hosein Safari, Yahya Safari, Roya Safari-Faramani, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Haniye Sadat Sajadi, Mohamadreza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Joseph S. Salama, Payman Salamati, Raphael De Freitas Saldanha, Zikria Saleem, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Joshua A. Salomon, Sundeep Santosh Salvi, Inbal Salz, Evanson Zondani Sambala, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Itamar S. Santos, Milena M. Santric Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Mayank Sardana, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Satish Saroshe, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Arundhati R. Sawant, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Elke Schaeffner, Kathryn Schelonka, Ione J.C. Schneider, David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Soraya Seedat, Mario Sekerija, Sadaf G. 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Stewart, Mark A. Stokes, Mark Strong, Michelle L. Subart, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Gerhard Sulo, Bruno F. Sunguya, Patrick John Sur, Ipsita Sutradhar, Bryan L. Sykes, P.N. Sylaja, Dillon O. Sylte, Cassandra E.I. Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Karen M. Tabb, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Nikhil Tandon, Aberash Abay Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, Nuno Taveira, Nega Yimer Tawye, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tigist Gashaw Tekalign, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Manaye Yihune Teshale, Belay Tessema, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Jarnail Singh Thakur, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Nihal Thomas, Alan J. Thomson, Binyam Tilahun, Quyen G. To, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Anna E. 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Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; College of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, United States; Department of Pediatrics, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, United States; School of Public Health, United States; Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ethiopia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Community-Based Participatory Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Montreal Neuroimaging Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Oncology, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iran; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Iran; Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Iran; Department of Urology, Iran; Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Iran; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Iran; Faculty of Public Health, Iran; Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Sweden; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Iran; Sleep Disorders Research Center, Iran; Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India; Anatomy Unit, Iran; Biomedical Sciences Division, Iran; Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Iran; College of Health Sciences, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ethiopia; Institute of Biomedical Science, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Ethiopia; Human Nutrition Department, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia; University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ethiopia; Department of Reproductive Health, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Ethiopia; Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France; Institute of Epidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France; Department of Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Education Center in Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine; Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin; Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Nepal Health Research Environment, Center for Social Science and Public Health Research Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Emergency Department, Saint Mark Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt; Ivorian Association for Family Welfare, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain; Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia; Research Group of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia; Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Indian Institute of Public Health - Hyderabad, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India; Department of Neurosurgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Health Economics and Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management, and Ethics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States; Cancer Research Center, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Ethiopia; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Ethiopia; Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States; Research Committee, Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA St Louis Health Care System, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Saudi Arabia; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Big Data Institute, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Population Health, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Immunology, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Iran; Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Program in Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Germany; Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia; Sansom Institute, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Ethiopia; Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine, Egypt; Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Anatomy and Embryology Department, Egypt; Department of General Surgery, Egypt; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Egypt; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Egypt; 2nd Department of Dermatology, Egypt; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal; Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Iran; Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Public Health Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Social Welfare, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Contrôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Non Communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin; Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Department of Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran; Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Clinic v, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Fenot Project, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Heart and Vascular Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; University of Aden, Aden, Yemen; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique; School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Environmental Health Science, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Iran; Department of Renal Medicine, Iran; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Air Pollution Research Center, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Iran; Department of Health Policy, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran; Pharmacology Department, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Centers, Iran; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia; Dr Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, NY, United States; Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Patient and Population, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Disease Control, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United Kingdom; Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Patan, Nepal; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Iran; Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center, Iran; Health Research Institute, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Iran; Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Iran; University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Liaison of Turkey, Guillain-Barre Syndrome/Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Foundation International, Conshohocken, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Fast-Track Implementation Department, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Health Sciences, Australia; A T Still University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; General Directorate of Health Information Systems, Turkey; Department of Health Statistics, Turkey; Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Australia; School of Medicines, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Australia; Transport and Road Safety Research, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department for Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Panama; Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama; Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Panama; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama; School of Population and Public Health, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Center for Health Systems Research, Mexico; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Mexico; Center for Population Health Research, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Area de Estadística, Dirección Actuarial, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Population Studies, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Brain Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Health Systems Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Development Studies, India; Department of Fertility Studies, India; Department of Population Studies, India; Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, India; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India; Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Economics, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Demography and Population Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, India; Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Adelaide Medical School, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy; Faculty of Business and Management, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; Faculty of Education, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom; University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; T Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Australia; Institute for Social Science Research, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Biomedical Research Council, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; James P Grant School of Public Health, Bangladesh; Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India; Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Maternal and Child Wellbeing Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; Population Dynamics and Reproductive Health Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Information Services Division, United Kingdom; National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Center of Communicable Disease Control, Iran; Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India; Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Diretoria Médica, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Laboratory for Socio-economic Issues of Human Development and Quality of Life, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Federation; Department of Medical Statistics and Documentary, Russian Federation; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Public Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; National Statistical Office, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil; Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, CA, United States; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France; Fertility and Infertility, Sarem Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Epidemiology and Public Health, Switzerland; Malaria Vaccines, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Medical Statistics, United States; National Centre for Disease Control, Tbilisi, Georgia; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Regional Health Council, Madrid, Spain; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Iran; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Allergy, Asthma, and Bronchitis Institute, Kolkota, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, India; Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, Valley, Anguilla; Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, Valley, Anguilla; Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India; West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States; Department of Health Policy, Management and Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Population Health Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Department of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics Control, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Vital and Health Statistics, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Health Education and Health Promotion Department, Iran; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Tabriz, Iran; Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India; Department of Medicine, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, School of Health Sciences, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia; Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Parasitic Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control Delhi, Delhi, India; Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, India; Neurology Department, India; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Institution of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; A C S Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi, India; Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda; School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, United States; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States; Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States; Midwifery Program, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia; ODeL Campus, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian, and African Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Cardiology, Assuta Hospital, Tel Aviv Yaffo, Israel; Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, John H Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Research, India; National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, India; National Institute of Nutrition, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Tehran, Iran; Research Department, Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya; Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada; Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; Center for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States; International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico; Belo Horizonte City Hall, Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Disease Control Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China; National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China; National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China, Chengdu, China; Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, China; Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention Center, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Russian Federation; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Beijing, China; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NutriCARD), Jena, Germany; General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Preventive Department, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Haridwar, India; Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Public Risk Management Institute, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Trade and Competitiveness, World Bank, New York, NY, United States; Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Graduate School, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, Ipas Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, SevenHills Hospital, Mumbai, India; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States; Research Department Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru; Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Pharmacy, Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, Ethiopia; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of N'Djaména, N'Djaména, Chad; Zdroje Hospital, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; President's Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, Papua New Guinea; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Port Moresby General Hospital, Boroko, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Hospital de Sto António, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up, Germany; Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Germany; Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Center for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan; Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, United States; Department of Psychology, United States; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; GISED Study Center, Bergamo, Italy; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé i, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Mercy Saint Vincent Medical Center, Toledo, OH, United States; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan; Directorate General of Planning, Monitoring and Evolution, Rwanda Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Accra, Ghana; Department of Medicine, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Australia; Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea; Research, Measurement, and Results, Society for Family Health, Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Namibia, Oshakati Campus, Namibia; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria; NCD Prevention and Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Health Science, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam; Pneumology Service, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, Kisumu Medical and Education Trust, Kisumu, Kenya; Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Agricultural Economics Group, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa; Department of Pediatrics, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa; Department of TB and Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Health Outcomes, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India; Population Health Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Research Department, Diabetes Research Society, Hyderabad, India; Clinical Research Department, DiabetOmics, Portland, OR, United States; Health, Nutrition, and HIV/AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia; Glenelg, SA, Australia; Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Government Medical College, Nagpur, India; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Medichem, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Division, Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Sweidi Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India; Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France; Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Biotechnology, IKIAM Amazon Regional University, Ciudad de Tena, Ecuador; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Community Health, Australia; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Anarkali, Pakistan; Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Clinical Research Division, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Nephrology Group, Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore, India; Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Dr D y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil; Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran; Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Health, Thimphi, Bhutan; University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil; Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Diseases and Non-communicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India; Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India; Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Service of Pulmonology, Health Research Institute of the University Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States; University Institute Egas Moniz, Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Selihom School of Nursing, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Dessie, Ethiopia; Syrian Expatriate Medical Association, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Global Health Research, Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute of Public Health (R Topor-Madry PhD), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland; Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Department of Statistics, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil; Directorate of Social Studies and Policies, Federal District Planning Company, Brasília, Brazil; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Staufenberg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China; University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Earth Science, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
