Simon I. Hay, Kanyin Liane Ong, Damian F. Santomauro, A. Bhoomadevi, Mohammad Amin Aalipour, Hasan Aalruz, Hazim S. Ababneh, Ukachukwu O. Abaraogu, Biruk Beletew Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Nasir Abbas, Mitra Abbasifard, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Ashraf Nabiel Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdalla, Emad M. Abdallah, Barkhad Aden Abdeeq, Nadin M. I. Abdel Razeq, Ahmed Abdelrahman Abdelgalil, Reda Abdel-Hameed, Michael Abdelmasseh, Mahmoud Abdelnabi, Wael M. Abdel-Rahman, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Sepideh Abdi, Mohammad Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Arman Abdous, Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Adam Abdullahi, Auwal Abdullahi, Toufik Abdul-Rahman, Kulmira Abdykerimova, Habtamu Abebe Getahun, Aidin Abedi, Armita Abedi, Asrat Agalu Abejew, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, E S. Abhilash, Shehab Uddin Al Abid, Syed Hani Abidi, Alemwork Abie, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Shady Abohashem, Hassan Abolhassani, Ulric Sena Abonie, Nagah M. Abourashed, Mohamed Abouzid, Dmitry Abramov, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Dariush Abtahi, Rana Kamal Abu Farha, Fuad Hamdi A. Abuadas, Aminu Kende Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Sawsan Abuhammad, Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa, Hana J. Abukhadijah, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Salahdein Aburuz, Dina Abushanab, Raghu Ram Achar, Anirudh Balakrishna Acharya, Apurba Acharya, Ilana N. Ackerman, Juan Manuel Acuna, Ousman Adal, Lisa C. Adams, Lawan Hassan Adamu, Mesafint Molla Adane, Zenaw Debasu Addisu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo, Tajudeen Adesanmi Adebisi, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, David Adedia, Kamoru Ademola Adedokun, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Oluwatobi E. Adegbile, Oyelola A. Adegboye, Nurudeen A. 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Ahmad, Noah Ahmad, Rabbiya Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Waqas Ahmad, Negar Sadat Ahmadi, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Mohadese Ahmadzade, Akeem Olayiwola Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Gasha Salih Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Junaid Ahmed, Luai A. Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mushood Ahmed, Oli Ahmed, Shabbir Ahmed, Sindew Mahmud Ahmed, Gulzhanat Aimagambetova, Ahmed AJ Jabbar, Dolapo Emmanuel Ajala, Marjan Ajami, Azeezat Oluwafunmilayo Ajose, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Saeid Akbarifard, Oluwasefunmi Akeju, Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe, Olufemi Ambrose Akinkuotu, Karolina Akinosoglou, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Sreelatha Akkala, Wole Akosile, Hammad Akram, Ashley E. Akrami, Ralph Kwame Akyea, Alaa Al Amiry, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Omar Al Omari, Mohammad Al Qadire, Omar Al Ta'ani, Wasan A. M. Al Taie, Yazan Al Thaher, Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi, Mohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi, Mousa Ali Al-Abbadi, Yazan Al-Ajlouni, Tariq A. 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Alhumaydhi, Dari Alhuwail, Abid Ali, Haroon Muhammad Ali, Irfan Ali, Maratab Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Shahid Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Syed Yusuf Ali, Waad Ali, Akram Al-Ibraheem, Gianfranco Alicandro, Montaha Al-Iede, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Morteza Alipour, Samah W. Al-Jabi, Mohammad A. Aljasir, Mohamad Aljofan, Adel Al-Jumaily, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ahmad Alkhatib, Mayson H. Alkhatib, Mustafa Alkhawam, Atefeh Allahbakhshian, Khaled S. Allemailem, Mohammed Z. Allouh, Wesam Taher Almagharbeh, Wael Almahmeed, Sabah Al-Marwani, Nihad A. Almasri, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Omar Almidani, Amr Almobayed, Khaldoon Aied Alnawafleh, Hasan Yaser Alniss, Margret Beaula Alocious Sukumar, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Mohammad R. Alosta, Jaber S. Alqahtani, Saleh A. Alqahtani, Mohammad R. Alqudimat, Ahmad Rajeh Al-Qudimat, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Intima Alrimawi, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Mohammed A. Alsabri, Najim Z. 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Anenberg, Song Peng Ang, Colin Angus, Nguyen Hoang Anh, Samuel Egyakwa Ankomah, Kabilan Annadurai, Amir Anoushiravani, Iman Ansari, Sumbul Ansari, Umair Ansari, Rahel Mulatie Anteneh, Josep M. Antó, Catherine M. Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Saleha Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Shahnawaz Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Juan Pablo Arab, Hossein Arabi, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Jorge Arias de la Torre, Hany Ariffin, Benedetta Armocida, Johan Ärnlöv, Jesu Arockiaraj, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A. Artamonov, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Deepavalli Arumuganainar, Nurila Aryntayeva, Mahsa Asadi Anar, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Shewatatek Melaku Asefa, Mulu Tiruneh Asemu, Saeed Asgary, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Charlie Ashbaugh, Syed Amir Ashraf, Tahira Ashraf, Mitra Ashrafi, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asiamah-Asare, Muhammad Shahzad Aslam, Saeed Aslani, Yuni Asri, Batyrbek Assembekov, Thomas Astell-Burt, Mahshid Ataei, Mirbahador Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sachin R. Atre, Alok Atreya, Julie Alaere Atta, Zeenah A. Atwan, Zaure Maratovna Aumoldaeva, Marcel Ausloos, Abolfazl Avan, Núbia Carelli Pereira Avelar, Sana Javaid Awan, Babafela B. Awosile, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Lemessa Assefa A. Ayana, Seyyed HamidReza Ayatizadeh, Olatunde O. Ayinde, Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo, Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, Davood Azadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Alireza Azarboo, Ali Azargoonjahromi, Masood Azhar, Farya Azimi, Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Amin Azizan, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Domenico Azzolino, Zaharaddeen Shuaibu Babandi, Rasha Babiker, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu, Israel Tadesse Bacha, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D. Badiye, Alaa Aboelnour Badran, Youngoh Bae, Arvind Bagga, Soroush Baghdadi, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagheri, Elahe Baghizadeh, Fereshteh Baghizadeh, Sana Baghizadeh, Khlood K. Baghlaf, Najmeh Bahmanziari, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Razieh Bahreini, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Vali Baigi, Shankar M. Bakkannavar, Abdulaziz T. Bako, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Wondu Feyisa Balcha, Maher Balkis, Jose Balmori-de-la-Miyar, Mohammadreza Balooch Hasankhani, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Shatha Bamashmous, Maciej Banach, Morteza Banakar, Palash Chandra Banik, Rajon Banik, Shirin Barati, Noel C. 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Cederroth, Luca Cegolon, Francieli Cembranel, Muthia Cenderadewi, Kelly M. Cercy, Ester Cerin, Sonia Cerrai, Muge Cevik, Madhu Chakkere Shivamadhu, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Joht Singh Chandan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Miyuru Chandradasa, Eeshwar K. Chandrasekar, Jung-Chen Chang, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, Lam Duc Chau, Sirshendu Chaudhuri, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Galmesa Bekana Chemeda, An-Tian Chen, Catherine S. Chen, Guangjin Chen, Hana Chen, Haowei Chen, Hui Chen, Junhao Chen, Meng Xuan Chen, Shanquan Chen, Simiao Chen, Xiang Chen, Yifan Chen, Haojin Cheng, Ka Ching Cheung, Nicholas WS Chew, Gerald Chi, Ju-Huei Chien, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Patrick R. Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Clara G. Chisari, William C. S. Cho, Bryan Chong, Yuen Yu Chong, Hou In Chou, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Steffan Wittrup McPhee Christensen, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Eric Chung, Erin Chung, Sheng-Chia Chung, Sunghyun Chung, Muhammad Chutiyami, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero, Liliana G. Ciobanu, Rebecca M. Cogen, Aaron J. Cohen, Alyssa Columbus, Joao Conde, Stephen E. Congly, Nathalie Conrad, Sara Conti, Mariana Oliveira Corda, Alexandru Corlateanu, Samuele Cortese, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Claudia Cosma, Ewerton Cousin, Emma Johnson Cowart, Michael H. Criqui, Andrew Crist, Jessica A. Cruz, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Xiaolin Cui, Garland T. Culbreth, Nour Dababo, Ali Dabbagh, Omid Dadras, Tukur Dahiru, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Mayank Dalakoti, Koustuv Dalal, Gloria Dalla Costa, Giovanni Damiani, Emanuele D'Amico, Yohannes Tefera Damtew, Roy Arokiam Arokiam Daniel, Lucio D'Anna, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Latefa Ali Dardas, Bahar Darouei, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Anna Dastiridou, Gail Davey, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dimash Davletov, Kairat Davletov, Elham Davoudi, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Katie de Luca, Nicole K. DeCleene, Edward Christopher Dee, Orla Deegan, Sindhura Deekonda, Amanda Deen, Louisa Degenhardt, Paria Dehesh, Lee Deitesfeld, Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie, Pouria Delbari, Mohammad Delsoz, Dessalegn Demeke, Andreas K. Demetriades, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Tadios Niguss Derese, Ismail Dergaa, Hunegnaw Almaw Derseh, Emina Dervišević, Abraham Aregay Desta, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Pradeep Kumar Devarakonda, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Rajinder K. Dhamija, Amol S. Dhane, Narender K. Dhania, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Bibha Dhungel, Marcello Di Pumpo, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Luis Antonio Diaz, Kimia Didehvar, Lauren K. Dillard, Adriana Dima, Xueting Ding, Temesgien Ergetie Dinkayehu, Huyen Phuc Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Klara Georgieva Dokova, Christiane Dolecek, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Francesco Dondi, Mario D'Oria, Fariba Dorostkar, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Paulo Magno Martins Dourado, Robert Kokou Dowou, Menayit Tamrat Dresse, Tim Robert Driscoll, Ashel Chelsea Dsouza, Viola Savy Dsouza, Jiang Du, John Dube, Emeka W. Dumbili, Samuel C. Dumith, Jennifer Dunne, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Ashit Kumar Dutta, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Abdel Rahman E'mar, Osamudiamen Ebohon, Ejemai Eboreime, Lamiaa Labieb Mahmoud Ebraheim, Alireza Ebrahimi, Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi, Sara Ebrahimi, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Ekaette Godwin Edelduok, Kristina Edvardsson, Ferry Efendi, Behrad Eftekhari, Foolad Eghbali, Fatemeh Ehsani, Ashkan Eighaei Sedeh, Terje Andreas Eikemo, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Abdelfatteh EL Omri, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Mohamed Ahmed Eladl, Reza Elahi, Said El-Ashker, Rana Elbeshbeishy, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed Elhoumed, Waseem El-Huneidi, Sherif Elkannishy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Rami Elmorsi, Adel B. Elmoselhi, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Gihan ELNahas, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Abdelgawad Salah Abdelgawad Eltahawy, Tadele Emagneneh, Theophilus I. Emeto, Victor Oghenekparobo Emojevwe, Destaw Endeshaw, Misganu Endriyas, Holly E. Erskine, Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor, Derese Eshetu, Habitu Birhan Eshetu, Gilbert Eshun, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Majid Eslami, Rafaela Cavalheiro do Espírito Santo, Francesco Esposito, Kara Estep, Crystal Amiel M. Estrada, Fahima Nasrin Eva, Elochukwu Ezenwankwo, Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka, Heidar Fadavian, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Qiping Fan, Mohammad Farahmand, Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Zaki Farhana, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Andre Faro, Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Fatemeh Farshad, Farima Farsi, Md Omar Faruk, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Modupe Margaret Fasina, Emmanuel Toluwani Fasusi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Davood Fathi, Zareen Fatima, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Li Fei, Valery L. Feigin, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Berhanu Elfu Feleke, Dechao Feng, Kaixin Feng, Xiaoqi Feng, Talukdar Raian Ferdous, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Pietro Ferrara, Alize J. Ferrari, André Ferreira, Nuno Ferreira, Natan Feter, Alexander Finnemore, Claudio Fiorilla, Florian Fischer, Ida Fitriana, Luisa S. Flor, Federica Fogacci, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Marco Fonzo, Lisa M. Force, Arianna Fornari, Carla Fornari, Ingeborg Forthun, Daniela Fortuna, Matteo Foschi, Maryam Fotouhi, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, Juluis Visnel Foyet F, Richard Charles Franklin, Alberto Freitas, Jinming Fu, Nancy Fullman, Blima Fux, G. Sridevi, Peter Andras Gaal, Dominic Dormenyo Gadeka, Márió Gajdács, Yaseen Galali, Silvano Gallus, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Shivaprakash Gangachannaiah, Mohd Ashraf Ganie, Dingwei Gao, Xiang Gao, Bashiru Garba, Fernando Barroga Garcia, Vanessa Garcia, Miguel Garcia-Argibay, David Garcia-Azorin, William M. Gardner, Jacopo Garlasco, Zisis Gatzioufas, Prem Gautam, Rupesh K. Gautam, Federica Gazzelloni, Feven Sahle Gebre, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Haftay Gebremedhin Gebreslassie, Stefano Gelibter, Nsikakabasi Samuel George, Ali Gerami Matin, Genanew K. Getahun, Kalab Yigermal Gete, Delaram J. Ghadimi, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Fataneh Ghadirian, Amir Ghaffari Jolfayi, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Arin Ghamkhar, Ali Ghandili, Moein Ghasemi, Mohammad-Reza Ghasemi, Shakiba Ghasemi Assl, Haniyeh Ghasrsaz, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sailaja Ghimire, Nermin Ghith, Nasim Gholizadeh, Elena Ghotbi, Alessandro Gialluisi, Konstantinos Giannakis, Ruth Margaret Gibson, Artyom Urievich Gil, Gabriela Fernanda Gil, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Nora M. Gilbertson, Tiffany K. Gill, Themba G. Ginindza, Bikash Ranjan Giri, Alem Abera Girmay, Alessandro Girombelli, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Laszlo Göbölös, Kimiya Gohari, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Ali Golestani, Davide Golinelli, Melika Golmohammadi, Wenping Gong, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Alessandra C. Goulart, Aman Goyal, Ayman Grada, Simon Matthew Graham, Vittorio Grieco, Michal Grivna, Ashna Grover, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Shi-Yang Guan, Zhongyang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Avirup Guha, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Xingzhi Guo, Zhaoyu Guo, Zheng Guo, Zhifeng Guo, Anish Kumar Gupta, Himanshu Gupta, Ishita Gupta, Lalit Gupta, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Yonas Deressa Guracho, Lami Gurmessa, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo, Parishma Guttoo, Jose Guzman-Esquivel, Adrina Habibzadeh, Abrham Tesfaye Habteyes, Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes, Tesfahun Simon Hadaro, Najah R. Hadi, Zahra Hadian, Abdul Hafiz, Faraidoon Haghdoost, Arian Haghtalab, Hailey Hagins, Demewoz Haile, Haimanot Ewnetu Hailu, Pritam Halder, Aram Halimi, Sebastian Haller, Kosar Hikmat Hama Aziz, Islam M. Hamad, Randah R. Hamadeh, Nadia M. Hamdy, Sajid Hameed, Erin B. Hamilton, Ahmad Hammoud, Mohammad Hamza, Umar Sabiu Hamza, Hannah Han, Didem Han Yekdeş, Asif Hanif, Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J. Hankey, Fahad Hanna, Ashanul Haque, Md Aminul Haque, Md Nuruzzaman Haque, Harapan Harapan, Hilda L. Harb, Kassandra L. Harding, Arief Hargono, Andy Martahan Andreas Hariandja, Josep Maria Haro, Ashley Ann Harris, Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Faizul Hasan, Md Kamrul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Ali Hasanpour- Dehkordi, Arezou Hashem Zadeh, Mohammad Hashem Hashempur, Nada Tawfig Hashim, Ammarah Hasnain, Amr Hassan, Ibrahim Nagmeldin Hassan, Ikrama Hassan, Nageeb Hassan, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Shokoufeh Hassani, Mohammed Bheser Hassen, Lasanthi Wathsala Hathagoda, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Angie Hawat, Khezar Hayat, Youssef Hbid, Jiawei He, Jue He, Jeffrey J. Hebert, Mohammad Heidari, Mehdi Hemmati, Claire A. Henson, Molly E. Herbert, Claudiu Herteliu, Austin Heuer, Sumudu Avanthi Hewage, Mojtaba Heydari, Zahra Heydarifard, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Julia Hon, Alamgir Hossain, Lubna Hossain, Md Belal Hossain, Md Mahbub Hossain, Md Sabbir Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Jada Averianna Houser, Mila Nu Nu Htay, Chengxi Hu, Yifei Hu, Junjie Huang, Weijun Huang, Yefei Huang, Mega Hasanul Huda, Atanesia Indriyani Human, Kyle Matthew Humphrey, Kiavash Hushmandi, Andreas Kattem Husøy, Javid Hussain, M Azhar Hussain, Salman Hussain, Dursa Hussein, Nawfal R. Hussein, Mohamed Ibrahim Husseiny, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Luigi Francesco Iannone, Ahmed Ibrahim, Khalid S. Ibrahim, Ramzi Ibrahim, Reem Ibrahim, Anel Ibrayeva, Francisco Javier Idalsoaga, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Audrey L. Ihler, Nayu Ikeda, Adalia Ikiroma, Jibran Ikram, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Muhammad Hamza Ilyas, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Masoud Imani, Mustapha Immurana, Lucius Chidiebere Imoh, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Arit Inok, Mujahid Iqbal, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Dr Md Shahinul Islam, Md Rabiul Islam, Md Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Faisal Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Yerlan Ismoldayev, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Mosimah Charles Ituka, Masao Iwagami, Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Mahalaxmi Iyer, Veena J. Iyer, J. Vinothini, Jalil Jaafari, Louis Jacob, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Ali Jadidi, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Morteza Jafarinia, Shabbar Jaffar, Haitham Jahrami, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Vikash Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ali Jaliliyan, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Mohamed Jalloh, Armaan Jamal, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Jazlan Jamaluddin, Jerin James, Tyler G. James, Hasan Jamil, Safayet Jamil, Roland Dominic G. Jamora, Masoud Jamshidi, Shaghayegh JamshidiRastabi, Rajiv Janardhanan, Esmaeil Jarrahi, Syed Sarmad Javaid, Anita Javanmardi, Javad Javidnia, Talha Jawaid, Qassim Jawell Odah Abed, Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe, Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Kimia Jazi, Felix K. Jebasingh, Sun Ha Jee, Jayakumar Jeganathan, Tadesse Hailu Jember, Belayneh Hamdela Jena, Diptismita Jena, Seogsong Jeong, Mahsa Jessri, Bijay Mukesh Jeswani, Vivekanand Jha, Zixiang Ji, Min Jiang, Weiqiu Jin, Wenyi Jin, Catherine O. Johnson, Emily Katherine Johnson, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B. Jonas, Tamas Joo, Abu Jor, Abel Joseph, Alex Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Farahnaz Joukar, George Joy, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Malik E. Juweid, K. Madhanraj, Billingsley Kaambwa, Zubair Kabir, Dler H Hussein Kadir, Ethan M. Kahn, Ashish Kumar Kakkar, Leila R. Kalankesh, Khalil Kalavani, Feroze Kaliyadan, Aidana Kaliyakparova, Sanjay Kalra, Md Moustafa Kamal, Mehnaz Kamal, Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah, Rajesh Kamath, Saltanat Kamenova, Arun Kamireddy, Ramat T. Kamorudeen, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi, Haidong Kan, Mona Kanaan, Saddam Fuad Kanaan, Jiseung Kang, Samuel Berchi Kankam, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Sujitha Kannan, Suthanthira Kannan S, Rami S. Kantar, Neeti Kapoor, Sujita Kumar Kar, Paschalis Karakasis, Reema A. Karasneh, Hanie Karimi, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Samad Karkhah, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Tomasz M. Karpiński, Manoj Kumar Kashyap, Abdene Weya Kaso, Hengameh Kasraei, Nigussie Assefa Kassaw, Adarsh Katamreddy, Patrick DMC Katoto, Joonas H. Kauppila, Gbenga A. Kayode, Nastaran Kazemi Rad, Mohammad-Hossein Keivanlou, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Chukwudi Keke, John H. Kempen, Salima Kerai, Vikash Ranjan Keshri, Kamyab Keshtkar, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Reza Khademi, Yousef Saleh Khader, Inn Kynn Khaing, Himanshu Khajuria, Sidra Khalid, Sumaira Khalid-Ariturk, Hazim O. Khalifa, Anas Husam Khalifeh, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Mariam Khalil, Anita Khalili, Pantea Khalili, Ghazaleh Khalili-Tanha, Mohamed Khalis, Faham Khamesipour, Abdul Arif Khan, Ajmal Khan, Asaduzzaman Khan, Faiz Ullah Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed Khan, Mohammad Idreesh Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Muhammad Hamza Khan, Muhammad Mueed Khan, Muhammad Umair Khan, Muhammad Umer Khan, Nusrat Khan, Ruby Khan, Salman Ali Khan, Serab Khan, Sumaiya Khan, Yusuf Saleem Khan, Zahid Khan, Srijana Khanal, Vishnu Khanal, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Sameer Uttamaro Khasbage, Zenith Khashim, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Kavin Khatri, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Afshin Khazaei, Peyman Kheirandish Zarandi, Sunil Kumar Khokhar, Mohammad Saeid Khonji, Najmaddin Salih Husen Khoshnaw, Atulya Aman Khosla, Farbod Khosravi, Mahmood Khosrowjerdi, P Ratan Khuman, Helda Khusun, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Hye Jun Kim, Jinho Kim, Min Seo Kim, Sungroul Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Mary Kirk, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimäki, Jessica Klusty, Abdul Basith KM, Shivakumar KM, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Nazarii Kobyliak, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Michail Kokkorakis, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Diana Gladys Kolieghu Tcheumeni, Farzad Kompani, Aida Kondybayeva, Anastasios Georgios Panagiotis Konstas, Isaac Koomson, Gerbrand Koren, Tapos Kormoker, Oleksii Korzh, Karel Kostev, Konstantinos Kotsis, Archana Koul, Parvaiz A. Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Irene Akwo Kretchy, James-Paul Kretchy, Kewal Krishan, Chong-Han Kua, Ananya Kuanar, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Raja Amir Hassan Kuchay, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Mohammed Kuddus, Ilari Kuitunen, Omar Kujan, Anit Kujur, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Shweta Kulshreshtha, Dewesh Kumar, Dhasarathi Kumar, Jogender Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Nitesh Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sanjay Kirshan Kumar, Tushar Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Subramanian Kumaran, Jibin Kunjavara, Setor K. Kunutsor, Almagul Kurmanova, Om P. Kurmi, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Krishna Prasad Kurpad, Pramod Kumar Kushawaha, Asep Kusnali, Christina Yeni Kustanti, Dian Kusuma, Tezer Kutluk, Assylkhan Kuttybayev, Michael Agyemang Kwarteng, Wai Hang Patrick Kwong, Evans F. Kyei, Grace Kwakyewaa Kyei, Ville Kytö, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Pallavi L C, Adriano La Vecchia, Carlo La Vecchia, Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Lucie Laflamme, Chandrakant Lahariya, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Anita Lakhani, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Judit Lám, Iván Landires, Berthold Langguth, Ariane Laplante-Lévesque, Savita Lasrado, Kamaluddin Latief, Kenney Ki Lee Lau, Basira Kankia Lawal, Bilkisu Kankia Lawal, Saheed Akinmayowa Lawal, Aliyu Lawan, Harriet L. S. Lawford, Hilary R. Lawlor, Dai Quang Le, Duc Huy Le, Huu-Hoai Le, Long Khanh Dao Le, Minh Huu Nhat Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Trang Diep Thanh Le, Caterina Ledda, Hye Ah Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, James Leigh, Vasileios Leivaditis, Matthew J. Lennon, Matilde Leonardi, Elvynna Leong, Janni Leung, Chengcheng Li, Haobo Li, Hui Li, Jianan Li, Jiaying Li, Jie Li, Jinbo Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Peng li, Shaojie Li, Wang-Zhong Li, Wei Li, Wei Li, Weilong Li, Wenjie Li, Xunliang Li, Yichong Li, Yongze Li, Zhengrui Li, Zhihui Li, Yanxue Lian, Xue-Zhen Liang, Stephen S. Lim, Jialing Lin, Queran Lin, Ro-Ting Lin, Ya Lin, Daniel Lindholm, Christine Linehan, Yuewei Ling, Gang Liu, Haipeng Liu, Jue Liu, Xianliang Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Yubo Liu, Yunfei Liu, Erand Llanaj, Michael J. Loftus, Valerie Lohner, José Francisco López-Gil, Platon D. Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Masoud Lotfizadeh, Shanjie Luan, Jailos Lubinda, Taraneh Lucas, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Alessandra Lugo, Raimundas Lunevicius, Peng Luo, Jay B. Lusk, Angelina M. Lutambi, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Miltiadis D. Lytras, Ellina Lytvyak, Hawraz Ibrahim M Amin, Kevin Sheng-Kai Ma, Zheng Feei Ma, Mahmoud Mabrok, Isis E. Machado, Firoozeh Madadi, Seyed Ataollah Madinezad, Christian Madsen, Aurea Marilia Madureira-Carvalho, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Azzam A. Maghazachi, D R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Sasikumar Mahalingam, Mehrdad Mahalleh, Nozad Hussein Mahmood, Alireza Mahmoudi, Farhad Mahmoudi, My Tra Mai, Rituparna Maiti, Azeem Majeed, Konstantinos Christos C. Makris, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Hardeep Singh Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Farihah Malik, Tabarak Malik, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Mustapha Mangdow, Lokesh Manjani, Yosef Manla, Kamaruddeen Mannethodi, Farheen Mansoor, Marjan Mansourian, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Ana M. Mantilla Herrera, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Changkun Mao, Tahir Maqbool, Sajid Maqsood, Hamid Reza Marateb, Joemer C. Maravilla, Konstantinos Margetis, Mirko Marino, Adilson Marques, Randall V. Martin, Gabriel Martinez, Bernardo Alfonso Martinez-Guerra, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Daniela Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Miquel Martorell, Winfried März, Roy Rillera Marzo, Sammer Marzouk, Stefano Masi, Clara N. Matei, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Stephanie Mathieson, Alexander G. Mathioudakis, Manu Raj Mathur, Medha Mathur, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, Rita Mattiello, Khurshid A. Mattoo, Richard James Maude, Pallab K. Maulik, Miranda L. May, Mahsa Mayeli, Maryam Mazaheri, Antonio Mazzotti, Chioma Ngozichukwu Pauline Mbachu, Ikechukwu Innocent Mbachu, Martin McKee, Susan A. McLaughlin, Steven M. McPhail, Enkeleint A. Mechili, Rishi P. Mediratta, Jitendra Meena, Elahe Meftah, Medhin Mehari, Asim Mehmood, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Kala M. Mehta, Vini Mehta, Subhash Mehto, Toni Meier, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Hadush Negash Meles, Endalkachew Belayneh Melese, Satish Melwani, Aishe Memetova, Walter Mendoza, Godfred Antony Menezes, Ritesh G. Menezes, Berihun Agegn Mengistie, Emiru Ayalew Mengistie, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Michelangelo Mercogliano, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Mohamed M. M. Metwally, Louise Mewton, Adquate Mhlanga, Andrea Michelerio, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Hiwot Soboksa Mideksa, Paul Anthony Miller, Ted R. Miller, Giuseppe Minervini, Wai-kit Ming, G.K. Mini, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Ali Mirshahvalad, Mizan Kiros Mirutse, Yousef Mirzaei, Archana Mishra, Kumar Guru Mishra, Vinaytosh Mishra, Arup Kumar Misra, Philip B. Mitchell, Prasanna Mithra, Sayan Mitra, Manasi Murthy Murthy Mittinty, Malihe Moazeni, Mohammadreza Mobayen, Madeline E. Moberg, Shivani Modi, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Jama Mohamed, Mona Gamal Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Khabab Abbasher Hussien Mohamed Ahmed, Taj Mohammad, Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Abdolreza Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Seyed Omid Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Ibrahim Mohammadzadeh, Ramin Mohammadzadeh, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Hussen Mohammed, Omer Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Suleiman Mohammed, Yahaya Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Mohammad Mohseni, Amin Mokari-Yamchi, Ali H. Mokdad, Alexandr Mokhirev, Peyman Mokhtarzadehazar, Sabrina Molinaro, Amirabbas Mollaei, Shaher Momani, Lorenzo Monasta, Amirabbas Monazzami, Himel Mondal, Stefania Mondello, Ahmed Al Montasir, Catrin E. Moore, Yousef Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Rafael Silveira Moreira, Brooks W. Morgan, Negar Morovatdar, Mahdis Morovvati, Mahmoud M. Morsy, Jakub Morze, Reza Mosaddeghi Heris, Jonathan F. Mosser, Nogol Motamedgorji, Vincent Mougin, Simin Mouodi, Asma Mousavi, Seyede Zohre Mousavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Mousavi Kiasary, Mohamed Awad Abdalaziz Mousnad, Amanda Movo, Hagar Lotfy Mowafy, Kimia Mozahheb Yousefi, Matías Mrejen, Ahmed Msherghi, Rabia Mubarak, Sumaira Mubarik, Shiv K. Mudgal, Syed Aun Muhammad, Muhammad Solihuddin Muhtar, Sukhes Mukherjee, Sumoni Mukherjee, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, M A. Muktadir, Sileshi Mulatu, Francesk Mulita, Getaneh Baye Mulu, Chalie Mulugeta, Mulyadi Mulyadi, Muneeb Ahmad Muneer, Malaisamy Muniyandi, Kavita Munjal, Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan, Javier Muñoz Laguna, Anjana Munshi, Pradeep Manohar Muragundi, Michio Murakami, Yahye Hassan Muse, Ali Mushtaq, Ghulam Mustafa, Sherzad Ibrahim Mustafa, Mubarak Taiwo Mustapha, Sathish Muthu, Saravanan Muthupandian, Claude Mambo Muvunyi, Muhammad Muzaffar, Woojae Myung, Amin Nabavi, Fatemehzahra Naddafi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Mohsen Naghavi, Pirouz Naghavi, Ganesh R. Naik, Gurudatta Naik, Hiten Naik, Firzan Nainu, Sanjeev Nair, Soroush Najdaghi, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Paul Nam, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Ibrahim A. Naqid, Shumaila Nargus, Delaram Narimani Davani, Yvonne Nartey, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gustavo G. Nascimento, Abdallah Y. Naser, Mohammad Naser, Abdulqadir J. Nashwan, Hamide Nasiri, Mahmoud Nassar, Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Zakira Naureen, Samidi Nirasha Kumari Navaratna, Anum Nawaz, M Omar Nawaz, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Shalini Ganesh Nayak, Javad Nazari, G Takop Nchanji, Rawlance Ndejjo, Anthony Wainaina Ndungu, Amanuel Tebabal Nega, Abigia Ashenafi Negash, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Alina Gabriela Negru, Jalil Nejati, Chakib Nejjari, Samata Nepal, Olivia D. Nesbit, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Charles Richard James Newton, Marie Ng, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anh Thy H. Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Huong-Dung Thi Nguyen, Nghia Phu Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, The Phuong Nguyen, Trang Nguyen, Tu Anh Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Ambe Marius Ngwa, Robina Khan Niazi, Jing Nie, Luciano Nieddu, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Ali Nikoobar, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Vikram Niranjan, Abebe Melis Nisro, Jan Rene Nkeck, Princess Afia Nkrumah-Boateng, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Efaq Ali Noman, Shuhei Nomura, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Mohammadamin Noorafrooz, Pardis Noormohammadpour, Mamoona Noreen, Masoud Noroozi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Taylor Noyes, Valentine C. Nriagu, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Jean Claude Nshimiyimana, Fred Nugen, Atoma Negera Nugusa, Mengistu H. Nunemo, Aqsha Nur, Dieta Nurrika, Sylvester Dodzi Nyadanu, Felix Kwasi Nyande, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, George Obaido, Erin M. O'Connell, Adashi Margaret Odama, Ramez M. Odat, Fabio Massimo Oddi, Ismail A. Odetokun, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Joseph Kojo Oduro, Michael Safo Oduro, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Oluwaseun Adeolu Ogundijo, Abiola Ogunkoya, James Odhiambo Oguta, Doori Oh, Sarah Oh, Edel T. O'Hagan, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Deborah Oluwatosin Okeke-Obayemi, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Olalekan John Okesanya, Onyedika A. Okoli, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, John Olayemi Okunlola, Oluyemi Adewole Okunlola, Oluwaseyi Isaiah Olabisi, Andrew T. Olagunju, Oladotun Victor Olalusi, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Arão Belitardo Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba, Erik J. Olson, Oluseye Olalekan Oludoye, Ronald Olum, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Oluwafemi G. Oluwole, Folorunsho Bright Omage, Hany A. Omar, Goran Latif Omer, Qi Chwen Ong, Sandersan Onie, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Franklyn Opara, Marcel Opitz, Michal Ordak, Verner N. Orish, Raffaele Ornello, Atakan Orscelik, Alberto Ortiz, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Augustus Osborne, Eric Osei, Samuel M. Ostroff, John W. Ostrominski, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Olayinka Osuolale, Godfred Otchere, Elham H. Othman, Mostafa Monier Othman, Adrian Otoiu, Oche Joseph Otorkpa, Abdu Oumer, Jerry John Ouner, Amel Ouyahia, Guoqing Ouyang, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Irene Amoakoh Owusu, Kolapo Oyebola, Tope Oyelade, Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi, Ilker Ozsahin, Mahesh P A, Kevin Pacheco-Barrios, Inderbir Padda, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Anton Pak, Pramod Kumar Pal, Tamás Palicz, Raffaele Palladino, Raul Felipe Palma-Alvarez, Tejasri Paluvai, Feng Pan, Hai-Feng Pan, Parsa Panahi, Sujogya Kumar Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Deepshikha Pande Katare, Ke Pang, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Georgios D. Panos, Leonidas D. Panos, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Giovanni Paolino, Mario Virgilio Papa, Ilias Papadimopoulos, Paraskevi Papadopoulou, Utsav Parekh, Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari, Amrita Parida, Chulwoo Park, Eun-Kee Park, Seoyeon Park, Arpit Parmar, Swapnil Parve, Ava Pashaei, Roberto Passera, Bhumi Hemal Patel, Hemal M. Patel, Mitesh Patel, Neel Navinkumar Patel, Satyananda Patel, Ashlesh Patil, Shankargouda Patil, Dimitrios Patoulias, Apurba Patra, Mohammad Hridoy Patwary, Hilary Paul, Shrikant Pawar, Shubhadarshini Pawar, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Amy E. Peden, Paolo Pedersini, Jarmila Pekarcikova, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Prince Peprah, João Perdigão, Gavin Pereira, Maria Odete Pereira, Pablo Perez-Lopez, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Konrad Pesudovs, Pavlo Petakh, Olumuyiwa James Peter, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Hoang Nhat Pham, Nhat Truong Pham, Tung Thanh Pham, Anil K. Philip, Michael R. Phillips, Zayar Phyo, Brandon V. Pickering, David M. Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Luane Pinheiro Pinheiro Rocha, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Michael A. Piradov, Edoardo Pirera, Enrico Pisoni, Dietrich Plass, Evgenii Plotnikov, Indrashis Podder, Dimitri Poddighe, Roman V. Polibin, Peter Pollner, Ramesh Poluru, Arjun Pon Avudaiappan, Constance Dimity Pond, Ville T. Ponkilainen, Ion Popa, Svetlana Popova, Djordje S. Popovic, Maarten J. Postma, Sajjad Pourasghary, Reza Pourbabaki, Farzad Pourghazi, Mohsen Poursadeqiyan, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Attur Ravindra Prabhu, Sergio I. Prada, Jalandhar Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Rifky Octavia Pradipta, Peralam Yegneswaran Prakash, Chandra P. Prasad, Akila Prashant, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Tina Priscilla, Natalie Pritchett, Harsh Priya, Hery Purnobasuki, Bharathi M. Purohit, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Xiang Qi, Zhipeng Qi, Jia-Yong Qiu, Zahiruddin Syed Quazi, Shahazad Niwazi Qurashi, R. Deepthi, Navid Rabiee, Basuki Rachmat, Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Maja R. 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Background For more than three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has provided a framework to quantify health loss due to diseases, injuries, and associated risk factors. This paper presents GBD 2023 findings on disease and injury burden and risk-attributable health loss, offering a global audit of the state of world health to inform public health priorities. This work captures the evolving landscape of health metrics across age groups, sexes, and locations, while reflecting on the remaining post-COVID-19 challenges to achieving our collective global health ambitions. Methods The GBD 2023 combined analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 375 diseases and injuries, and risk-attributable burden associated with 88 modifiable risk factors. Of the more than 310 000 total data sources used for all GBD 2023 (about 30% of which were new to this estimation round), more than 120 000 sources were used for estimation of disease and injury burden and 59 000 for risk factor estimation, and included vital registration systems, surveys, disease registries, and published scientific literature. Data were analysed using previously established modelling approaches, such as disease modelling meta-regression version 2.1 (DisMod-MR 2.1) and comparative risk assessment methods. Diseases and injuries were categorised into four levels on the basis of the established GBD cause hierarchy, as were risk factors using the GBD risk hierarchy. Estimates stratified by age, sex, location, and year from 1990 to 2023 were focused on disease-specific time trends over the 2010–23 period and presented as counts (to three significant figures) and age-standardised rates per 100 000 person-years (to one decimal place). For each measure, 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs] were calculated with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile ordered values from a 250-draw distribution. Findings Total numbers of global DALYs grew 6·1% (95% UI 4·0–8·1), from 2·64 billion (2·46–2·86) in 2010 to 2·80 billion (2·57–3·08) in 2023, but age-standardised DALY rates, which account for population growth and ageing, decreased by 12·6% (11·0–14·1), revealing large long-term health improvements. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contributed 1·45 billion (1·31–1·61) global DALYs in 2010, increasing to 1·80 billion (1·63–2·03) in 2023, alongside a concurrent 4·1% (1·9–6·3) reduction in age-standardised rates. Based on DALY counts, the leading level 3 NCDs in 2023 were ischaemic heart disease (193 million [176–209] DALYs), stroke (157 million [141–172]), and diabetes (90·2 million [75·2–107]), with the largest increases in age-standardised rates since 2010 occurring for anxiety disorders (62·8% [34·0–107·5]), depressive disorders (26·3% [11·6–42·9]), and diabetes (14·9% [7·5–25·6]). Remarkable health gains were made for communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases, with DALYs falling from 874 million (837–917) in 2010 to 681 million (642–736) in 2023, and a 25·8% (22·6–28·7) reduction in age-standardised DALY rates. During the COVID-19 pandemic, DALYs due to CMNN diseases rose but returned to pre-pandemic levels by 2023. From 2010 to 2023, decreases in age-standardised rates for CMNN diseases were led by rate decreases of 49·1% (32·7–61·0) for diarrhoeal diseases, 42·9% (38·0–48·0) for HIV/AIDS, and 42·2% (23·6–56·6) for tuberculosis. Neonatal disorders and lower respiratory infections remained the leading level 3 CMNN causes globally in 2023, although both showed notable rate decreases from 2010, declining by 16·5% (10·6–22·0) and 24·8% (7·4–36·7), respectively. Injury-related age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 15·6% (10·7–19·8) over the same period. Differences in burden due to NCDs, CMNN diseases, and injuries persisted across age, sex, time, and location. Based on our risk analysis, nearly 50% (1·27 billion [1·18–1·38]) of the roughly 2·80 billion total global DALYs in 2023 were attributable to the 88 risk factors analysed in GBD. Globally, the five level 3 risk factors contributing the highest proportion of risk-attributable DALYs were high systolic blood pressure (SBP), particulate matter pollution, high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), smoking, and low birthweight and short gestation—with high SBP accounting for 8·4% (6·9–10·0) of total DALYs. Of the three overarching level 1 GBD risk factor categories—behavioural, metabolic, and environmental and occupational—risk-attributable DALYs rose between 2010 and 2023 only for metabolic risks, increasing by 30·7% (24·8–37·3); however, age-standardised DALY rates attributable to metabolic risks decreased by 6·7% (2·0–11·0) over the same period. For all but three of the 25 leading level 3 risk factors, age-standardised rates dropped between 2010 and 2023—eg, declining by 54·4% (38·7–65·3) for unsafe sanitation, 50·5% (33·3–63·1) for unsafe water source, and 45·2% (25·6–72·0) for no access to handwashing facility, and by 44·9% (37·3–53·5) for child growth failure. The three leading level 3 risk factors for which age-standardised attributable DALY rates rose were high BMI (10·5% [0·1 to 20·9]), drug use (8·4% [2·6 to 15·3]), and high FPG (6·2% [–2·7 to 15·6]; non-significant). Interpretation Our findings underscore the complex and dynamic nature of global health challenges. Since 2010, there have been large decreases in burden due to CMNN diseases and many environmental and behavioural risk factors, juxtaposed with sizeable increases in DALYs attributable to metabolic risk factors and NCDs in growing and ageing populations. This long-observed consequence of the global epidemiological transition was only temporarily interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The substantially decreasing CMNN disease burden, despite the 2008 global financial crisis and pandemic-related disruptions, is one of the greatest collective public health successes known. However, these achievements are at risk of being reversed due to major cuts to development assistance for health globally, the effects of which will hit low-income countries with high burden the hardest. Without sustained investment in evidence-based interventions and policies, progress could stall or reverse, leading to widespread human costs and geopolitical instability. Moreover, the rising NCD burden necessitates intensified efforts to mitigate exposure to leading risk factors—eg, air pollution, smoking, and metabolic risks, such as high SBP, BMI, and FPG—including policies that promote food security, healthier diets, physical activity, and equitable and expanded access to potential treatments, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists. Decisive, coordinated action is needed to address long-standing yet growing health challenges, including depressive and anxiety disorders. Yet this can be only part of the solution. Our response to the NCD syndemic—the complex interaction of multiple health risks, social determinants, and systemic challenges—will define the future landscape of global health. To ensure human wellbeing, economic stability, and social equity, global action to sustain and advance health gains must prioritise reducing disparities by addressing socioeconomic and demographic determinants, ensuring equitable health-care access, tackling malnutrition, strengthening health systems, and improving vaccination coverage. We live in times of great opportunity. Funding Gates Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Legal and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong; Department of Internal Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Nutrition, Save the Children, Hargeisa, Somalia; School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Basic Science Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Department of Population and Global Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria; Department of Research, Toufik's World Medical Association, Antonova, 10, Ukraine; Department of General Surgery and Clinical Anatomy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico; Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Benha University, Benha, Egypt; Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Community Health Nursing Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Population Data Science, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Nursing, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pharmacy, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India; Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda; FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria; NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States; Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, Johnson City, TN, United States; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Translational Research Team, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Educational Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal; Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal; Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Apollo Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India; Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education Winneba, Winneba, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II” Naples, Italy; Department of Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States; Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of New Initiatives, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India; Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania; SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Rajaie Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia; Biological Production Unit National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; World Health Organisation, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy Practice, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Community Health Sciences, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan; College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health Epidemiology, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, EpiMetrics, Inc., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Clinical Academic Department of Women's Health, NU Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; Bowen University Hospital, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Water Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran; Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, United States; Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman; Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Fundamentals and Administration Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Department of Internal Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of General Education, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Adult Health and Critical Care, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; The University of Jordan School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Community and Mental Health, Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; Heart Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; General Directorate of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health Systems and Policy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Africa Center of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Minna, Nigeria; Epidemiology and Population Health Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Applied Health Sciences (Physiotherapy), Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Al-Nafis University for Medical Sciences, Sana'a, Yemen; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Information Science Department, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; Health Informatics Unit and Geohealth Lab, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait; Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan; Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Charbagh, Pakistan; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Nuclear Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; The School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Biomedical Physics Group, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Medical Laboratories, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Information and Communication Technology Research Pole (Lab-STICC), ENSTA Bretagne, Brest, France; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Cardiovascular Division, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Faculty of Nursing, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Cardiology, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan; Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ophthalmology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Nursing Faculty, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Faculty of Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Liver, Digestive, and Lifestyle Health Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait; Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Kuwait; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Health Science Division, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda, Uganda; Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Respiratory Therapy Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain; School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Physiotherapy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Evaluation Unit, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisations, Geneva, Switzerland; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Global Health Advocacy Incubator (GHAI), University of Central Nicaragua, Washington, DC, United States; Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Heart Failure Research Center., Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Summer Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health and Management Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of General Medicine, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers University, Toms River, NJ, United States; Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of General Medicine, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Vietnam, Thai Binh City, Viet Nam; Department of Management, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Public Health, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; General Surgery Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiotherapy, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India; Pharmacy Department, Critical Care, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Environment and Health over the Lifecourse Programme, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), New Delhi, Jamia Millia Islamia, India; School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), New Delhi, Jamia Hamdard, India; Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Gastroenterology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Care in Long Term Conditions Research Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Division of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States; Department of Periodontics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Clinical Disciplines, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy Practice, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Education (NASRME), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia; College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Pakistan; School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University, Shandong, China; School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Atchabar Scientific Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; Management Policy and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; кафедра, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Health Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Psychiatry Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Medicinal Chemistry Unit, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Malete, Nigeria; Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pinang, Malaysia; Department of Health Information Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laboratory Sciences Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Nursing, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Miami Cardiovascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Inc, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University -Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Basic Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Community Medicine Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Physiology department, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Alkhaimah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; School of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Directorate of Quality Assurance, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India; Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Microbiology Department, Horus University Egypt, Damietta, Egypt; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Orthopedics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Orthopedic Institute for Children, Los Angeles, CA, United States; School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Rajii Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Taleghani Anesthesiologist, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Dental Material Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Healthcare Management Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, CA, United States; Clinical Research Center, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing, China; International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, United States; Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, CA, United States; Chen Senior Medical Center, Tamarac, FL, United States; Anahuac Business School, Universidad Anahuac Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil; Periodontology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Department of Translational Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, CA, United States; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, CA, United States; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan; University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Community Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, Puducherry, India; College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (Barcelona Institute for Global Health), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, Employees State Insurance-Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kolkata, India; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pastor Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Biological Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, CA, United States; Department Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Epidemiology ang Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Avicenna Biotech Research, Germantown, MD, United States; Department of Regulatory Affairs, Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, CA, United States; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, CA, United States; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Direzione Sanitaria, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; Department of Industrial Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Center of Excellence of Cancer Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, CA, United States; Institute of Marketing and Communication Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, CA, United States; Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Sintra, Portugal; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India; Community Health Department, University of South Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, CA, United States; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, CA, United States; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, CA, United States; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Research, Bengal Rural Welfare Service (BRWS), Kolkata, India; Department of Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India; Department of Health Administration, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, CA, United States; Independent Consultant, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Fondazione Banca Degli Occhi Del Veneto, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Venice, Italy; TAF Uludag Winter Training Center, Turkish Ministry of Defence, Bursa, Turkey; Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, CA, United States; Medical Ethics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical Research Centre, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia; Health Biotechnology Directorate at Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Physical Education and Health, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport, University Lusofona, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre for Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Global Healthcare Management, York University, London, United Kingdom; Demography and Population Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ophthalmology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon; Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Montfermeil (Montfermeil Hospital Center), Montfermeil, France; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States; General Directorate of Health Information Systems, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; University Eye Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Pathology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Chittoor, India; Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, CA, United States; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; CEVAXIN, Panama City, Panama; Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, Panama City, Panama; Department of Injury, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Child & Adolescent Research Program, Programa de Depressão na Infância e na Adolescência, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Environmental Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; School of Nursing, Universitas Harapan Bangsa (National Hope University), Banyumas, Indonesia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; JSS Dental College & Hospital, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Macao; The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences Healthcare Management Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania; Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China; Department of Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, Romagna Local Health Authority, Forlì-Cesena, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy; Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; IMPInstitute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; School of Health Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Education Center of Australia, Health Science College, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Public Health Department, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Division of Country Health Policies and Systems (CPS), World Health Organisation, Trieste, Italy; Mental Health Flagship, World Health Organization (WHO), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy; Infection and Global Health Research, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom; Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, CA, United States; Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India; Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Psychiatry Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, CA, United States; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Semey Medical University (SMU), Semey, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Department of Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, Houston, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; EPI, Oromia Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Science and Technology Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China; Department of Urology, Academy of Medical Science, Kunming, China; School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, CA, United States; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Tzu-Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Tanzih, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia” University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark, Aalborg, Denmark; The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of AndroUrology, AndroUrology Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, CA, United States; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, CA, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States; Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; General Administration, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; National School of Public Health, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Almada, Portugal; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova; School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, CA, United States; Research Center on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, Instituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS (Italian Auxological Institute), Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Health Statistics and Informatics, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, WA, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Metabolic Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden; Nutrition Department, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, CA, United States; The University of Adelaide, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; 2nd University Ophthalmology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Ophthalmology Department, University of Thessaly, Greece; Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Population Health Research Center, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; biomedical and nutritional sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, lowell, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, CA, United States; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, CA, United States; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmology Department, University of Tennessee, Memphis, CA, United States; Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Dirección de Nutrición, Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico; Research and Training Directorate, Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia; Department of Social Sciences, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications “G. Parenti” (DiSIA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India; Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, CA, United States; Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Neurology Department Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Research Department, Planetary Health Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hajipur, Hajipur, India; Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Escola Superior de Saúde (Higher School of Health), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (Polytechnic Institute of Porto), Porto, Portugal; Public Health Intelligence Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Gastroenterology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers University, Newark, CA, United States; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, CA, United States; Faculty of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Joe C. Wen School of Population & Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Institute of Health Economics and Technology (iHEAT), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuclear Medicine Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, United States; Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Clínica Pró Coração, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Liaoning, China; Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada; School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health), Salvador, Brazil; Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, CA, United States; Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Michael and Cecilia Ibru University, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Histology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco; Department of Zoology, University of Uyo, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health, Samara University, Semnan, Iran; Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, CA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Private Orthodontist, Ahvaz, Iran; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom; Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Section of Adult Hematology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; National Institute of Public Health Research, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Department of Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Applied Health Science, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, CA, United States; Basic Medical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Executive Committee, International Association for Women Mental Health, Potomac, CA, United States; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt; Department of Midwifery, Woldia University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Health Research and Technology Transfer Directorate, South Ethiopia Region Public Health Institute, Jinka, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Goba College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Health Promotion and Health Behavior, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Wassa Amenfi East Municipal Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Wassa Akropong, Ghana; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Scinces, Semnan, Iran; Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, CA, United States; Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, CA, United States; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, CA, United States; Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Division of Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Environmental Statistics Unit, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal; Ecological Economics and Environmental Management, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Family Medicine, Luton & Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, United Kingdom; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Community-based Inclusive Mental Health Department, Centre for Disability in Development (CDD), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; Charité University Berlin, Charité Medical University Berlin (Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University System of Georgia, Statesboro, CA, United States; Pharmacy Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Acupuncture-Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, CA, United States; Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Cardiovascular Health and Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) (National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Research), Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain; Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Ophthalmology, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Medical School, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II” Naples, Italy; Institute of Public Health, Charité Medical University Berlin (Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Clinical Science Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Seattle, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, Public Health and Disability, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Emilia-Romagna Region - Innovation in Healthcare and Social Services Department, Bologna, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology Division (KEP), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; College of Medicine, Dentistry and Public Health, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; MEDCIDS, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal; Department of Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Endocrinology, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India; Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Key Lab of Environment and Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, SIMAD University Mogadishu. Somalia, Mogadishu, Somalia; Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden; Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Professional Services Division, Texas State Board of Pharmacy, Austin, CA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, IES Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal, India; Independent Consultant, Rome, Italy; College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosciences, Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; School of Engineering and Applied Science, George Washington University, Washington, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Neurology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran; Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Research Group for Childhood Cancer, Danish Cancer Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Dermatology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; GBD Collaborating Unit, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Zoology, KKS Women's College, Balasore, India; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Ospedale SS Annunziata Savigliano, Savigliano, Italy; Third Department of Neurology, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, CA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Life Sciences, Health and Healthcare Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy; Health Services Research, Evaluation and Policy Unit, AUSL della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Midwifery Department, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Libertyville, CA, United States; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Liverpool Orthopaedic and Trauma Service, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Health Direction, Local Health Authority of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Clinical Science, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, CA, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China; Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, CA, United States; Nanyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China; Department of Nephrology, Max Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi, India; Non-communicable Diseases Division (NCD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, VIC, Australia; Independent Consultant, Bharatpur, India; Independent Consultant, Delhi, India; Department of Anaesthesia, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India; Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Preventive Cardiology & Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Anthropology, Deemed University, Delhi, India; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Population and Quantitative Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, CA, United States; Research Unit in Epidemiology Clinic, Mexican Institute of Social Segurity, Colima, Mexico; Neurosurgery Department, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; College of Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Epidemiology Programme, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The George Institute for Global health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health, Charité Insitute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany; College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Guthrie Medical Group, Guthrie Medical Group, Cortland, CA, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Edirne Public Health Center, Edirne Provincial Health Directorate, Edirne, Turkey; Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (Perron Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Stroke Research Centre, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Vital and Health Statistics, Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States; Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Directorate General of Health Human Resources, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia; Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mental Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Surgical, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Institute of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; institute of radiology and radiological sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States; Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Periodontics, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Biotechnology, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medicine, University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Community Medicine, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria; Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department Health Metrics Science, University of Washington, Seattle, CA, United States; National Data Management Center, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Paediatric Professorial Unit, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmö, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research & Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Fengtai Hospital, Beijing, China; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; School of Allied Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Washington, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, CA, United States; Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Australian Centre for Health Service Innovations, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Virology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, CA, United States; Public Health Research Group, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh; Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Engineering and Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Jadara Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Population Health (CePH), Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia, Melaka, Malaysia; Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Maternal Care and Child Health Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Pediatric Nursing Department, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; East Manggarai Regency Health Office, Ministry of Health, Borong, Indonesia; Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Finance and Economics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Head, Salale University, Gerba Guracha, Ethiopia; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Artur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States; Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Alexandria University, Charleston, CA, United States; Department of Biology, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Departamento de Gastroenterologia (Department of Gastroenterology), Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Health Policy and Management Department, City University of New York, New York, CA, United States; Center for Nutritional Epidemiology and Policy Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Settsu, Japan; Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, CA, United States; West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, CA, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Health Research, ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; Journal of Biological Sciences and Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, CA, United States; Clinical Laboratory Department, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Tobruk, Libya; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Department of Urology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of Medicine, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Global Health, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Knowledge Translation Program, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India; Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Health Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, CA, United States; Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; UCL Institute for Global Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, AMA School of Medicine, Makati, Philippines; UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; Department of Surgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, CA, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, CA, United States; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Primary Care Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, CA, United States; Division of Population Data Science, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public and Community Health, Frontier University Garowe, Puntland, Somalia; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Bonifacio Global City, Philippines; Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Division of Medical Research, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Institutet Campus Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Nursing, Middle Technical University of Kut Technical Institute, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Research, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Institute for Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Epidemiology, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India; Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India; The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Public Health, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China; Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Danish Center for Health Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; School of Public Health, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Chennai, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Research Department, TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Health, Khoy Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran; Department of Dermatology, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia; Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Almaty, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal, Karnal, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Canberra Business School, University of Canberra, Hawker, ACT, Australia; College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of General Medical Practice No. 2, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, South Wales University, Treforest, United Kingdom; Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom; School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Banglore, India; Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital Chennai, Chennai, India; The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, CA, United States; Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; 2nd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical–Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Amity Stem Cell Institute (ASCI), Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India; College of Health Science, Department of Public Health, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia; Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Reproductive, Family and Population Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, New York, CA, United States; Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo; Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; University of Nairobi, Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Tobacco Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, CA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center of Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Jindal School of Public Health and Human Development, O. P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Sonipat, India; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Phoenix, CA, United States; Department of Human Nutrition of INRAE, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan; College of Health Professions, Marshall University, Huntington, CA, United States; Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Department of Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco; Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Rabat, Morocco; Food and Drug Research Center, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran; NITVAR, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India, Ghaziabad, India; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Epidemiology Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Basic Health Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; BD Statistics Center for Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies (CAPS), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, CA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering (MechE), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, CA, United States; Aston Pharmacy School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Cardiology, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom; Central Department of zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Health, Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal; Department of Preventable Non Communicable Disease, Menzies School of Health Research, Alice Springs, NT, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, CA, United States; College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, CA, United States; Faculty of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Orthopaedics, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Sangrur, India; Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran; Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, CA, United States; Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; University of Sulaimani College of Medicine, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, CA, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, CA, United States; Cardiothoracic Imaging Section, University of Washington, Seattle, CA, United States; Research Department, University of Inland Norway, Elverum, Norway; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand, India; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka, Jakarta, Indonesia; Program Division, SEAMEO Regional Center for Food and Nutrition, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea; Health and Healing Research, Education, and Service, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, CA, United States; The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, CA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Department of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Endocrinology Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine; Scientific Department, Medical Laboratory CSD, Kyiv, Ukraine; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Mycobacteriology Unit, Center for Health Promotion and Research, Bamenda, Cameroon; Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Scientific and Educational Center for Neurology and Applied Neuroscience, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Amity institute of Public Health and Hospital administration, Amity University Noida, Noida, India; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Central University, Accra, Ghana; Central University, Accra, Ghana; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Department of Medical Education and Informatics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ranchi, India; Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Amity Centre for Water Studies and Research, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India; SRM Centre for Clinical Trials and Research (CCTR), Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, New York University, New York, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Hajipur, India; College of Public Health & Health Informatics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Gastroenterology Department, Ahalia Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Allied Health Sciences, Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Anaesthesiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India; Department of Economics, Manipal University, Jaipur, Jaipur, India; IITM Pravartak Technologies Foundation, Chennai, India; Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Subjects, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (Satya Wacana Christian University), Salatiga, Indonesia; School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois, Champaign, CA, United States; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia; Institute for Health Sciences, STIKES Bethesda Yakkum Yogyakarta Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medicana Health International, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, CA, United States; Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Pediatric Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India; School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Applied Data Analytics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary; Unidad de Genética y Salud Pública, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas, Las Tablas, Panama; Ministry of Health, Hospital Joaquín Pablo Franco Sayas, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Health Systems, Administration and Management, Babcock University, Sagamu, Nigeria; Health Services Management Programme, Plasma University, Mogadishu, Somalia; School of Physical Therapy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; PhD Program in Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, CA, United States; Health Economics Division, Monash University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Independent Consultant, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Clinical Trial Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, CA, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Asbestos and Dust Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; SC Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilità (Neurology Public Health, Disability Unit), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Science, (Universiti Brunei Darussalam) University of Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; National Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, CA, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Tsinghua Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Discipline of Physiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland; First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, CA, United States; College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Norrtälje Hospital (Tiohundra), Norrtälje, Sweden; UCD Centre for Disability Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, CA, United States; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, CA, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, CA, United States; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany; Department of Community Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, China; Geospatial Health and Development Team-Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Scientific Research and Surveillance Systems, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia; Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Department of Emergency General and Trauma Surgery, NHS University Hospitals of Liverpool Group, Aintree Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, CA, United States; Dodoma Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania; Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Management of Information Systems Department, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Chemistry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Center for Global Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, CA, United States; Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South of Sinai, Egypt; Department of Family Medicine, Mental and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ouro Preto, Brazil; Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Associate Laboratory i4HB, University Institute of Health Sciences (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal; UCIBIO Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal; Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health & Population, Aswan, Egypt; Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysooru, India; Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Science, Puducherry, Puducherry, India; Research Center, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurology Department, University of Miami, Miami, CA, United States; Institute of Health Science, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Neurology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; University of Kansas Medical Center, A.T. Still University, Kansas City, CA, United States; Internal Medicine Department, MedStar Health, Washington, CA, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Eisenhower Health, Palm Desert, CA, United States; Corporate Nursing and Midwifery Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Biomedical Engineering Research Center (CREB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; West Moreton Hospital Health Services, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Automatic Control Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippines; Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, CA, United States; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Economics, Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico (Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, CA, United States; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Campus Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Medical Clinic V, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, CA, United States; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Association of Resident Physicians, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; University of Sydney, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital in Udaipur India, Udaipur, India; Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Research Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Social Medicine and Family, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Orthopedic Trauma Pathology Department, IRCCS, Bologna, Italy; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Healthcare, University of Vlora, Vlora City, Albania; Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Amir Oncology Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India; Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India; Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Economics (INL), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Office of Innovation, Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle, Germany; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of General Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health Care Authority, Olympia, WA, United States; Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (DGIDI), Universidad Científica del Sur (University of the South), Lima, Peru; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Trinity Medical Sciences University, St. Vincent, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Pathology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; School of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, University “Federico II” of Naples, Naples, Italy; General Administration Department, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, CA, United States; Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Oncology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR), The University of Queensland, Wacol, QLD, Australia; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, CA, United States; Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiology, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Thumbay College of Management and AI in Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Research and Development Department, Panacea Institute of Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Varanasi, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India; Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein Hospital, Philadelphia, CA, United States; College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Alkhima, United Arab Emirates; Nursing College, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Urology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, CA, United States; Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Skull Base Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Health Sciences, Azare, National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Bauchi, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, Dale View College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Thruvananthapuram, India; School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India; Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, India; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Maternal and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department Medical-Surgical Nursing, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Mathematics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Sport Physiology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, TMSS Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh; Department of Medicine, Sofia Ismail Memorial Medical Centre, Bogura, Bangladesh; Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Baan Clinic, Baan Clinic, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; College of Medical Sciences, SGMK Copernicus University, Warsaw, Poland; Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; NHS National Services Scotland, Belfast, United Kingdom; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Biotechnologies, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, CA, United States; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University (MSU), Shah Alam, Malaysia; International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan; Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Radiology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan; International Ph.D. Program in Biotech and Healthcare Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; Knowledge Management Department, Prahlad Omkarwati Foundation (POF), Mumbai, India; Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India; Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia; Department of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Health Economics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Community and Global Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan; School of Postgraduate research and publications, Amoud University, Hargeisa, Somalia; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Duhok University, Duhok, Iraq; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Research Methods, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India; Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, India; University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Prince Fahad bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, CA, United States; Department of Geriatric Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Health Education & Promotion, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Champaign, CA, United States; Department of Computer Science and IT, Torrens University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department Health Services Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Thrissur, India; Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India; Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Physiotherapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for War-affected People, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan; Critical Care Unit, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Vermont, South Burlington, CA, United States; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Research, TroDDIVaT Initiative, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Management Science and Project Planning, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States; MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timisoara, Romania; Rocordis Heart Center, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Timisoara, Romania; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Euromed Research Center, Euromed University of Fes, Fez, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; International Medical Faculty, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospitals, Merrillville, CA, United States; Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam; Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study (HIAS), Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan; Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, New York, CA, United States; Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Population Research Institute, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China; Department of Humanities and Social Science, University for International Studies in Rome, Rome, Italy; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang (State University of Semarang & ReverseEquilibrium;), Kota Semarang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Public Health, UNICAF, Larnaca, Cyprus; Department of Pathology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon; College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Technical Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Canadian Institute for Health Information, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, CA, United States; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Global Health Department, Euclid University, Banqui, Central African Republic; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Mattu University, Mattu, Ethiopia; Center for Health System and Strategy, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia; Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LL-DIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Nursing, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania; College of Computing, Data Science and Society, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, CA, United States; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome, Italy; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, CA, United States; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, United States; Department of Physiology, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Engagement & Empowerment, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Westmead Applied Research Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Counselling and Human Development Studies, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Management Science and Healthcare Analytics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, CA, United States; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Education Leadership and Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Associação Brasileira de Cefaleia em Salvas e Enxaqueca (ABRACES), São Paulo, Brazil; Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States; School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Research Policy & Administration, Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas), Campinas, Brazil; Department of Computational Biology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute (EMBRAPA), Campinas, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Surgery Department, Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq; ENT Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Wellspring Research, Wellspring Center Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Services, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana; Department of Neurology, ASL Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone; University of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, CA, United States; Cardiovascular Division, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Faculty of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Independent Consultant, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of General Surgery, Central South University, ChangSha, China; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru; Department of Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, CA, United States; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Primary Health Center, Directorate of Public Health and Family Welfare, Eluru District, India; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, CA, United States; Anesthesiology Department of The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; First Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Biel/Biene, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece; Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; Digestive Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cardiac Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Primary Care and General Practice, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russian Federation; Department of Cardiology, Parve Nursing Home, Sindkhed Raja, India; School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy; Institute of Physiotherapy, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Anand, India; Department of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; Marwadi University Research and Development Cell, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tennessee, Nashville, CA, United States; Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, CA, United States; Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Human Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CA, United States; Department of Interventional Cardiology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa (University of Lisbon), Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Applied Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine; Facultad de Medicina (Faculty of Medicine), Universidad Diego Portales (Diego Portales University), Santiago, Chile; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, CA, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, CA, United States; Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea; School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Maternal and Child Nursing Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE), G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Air and Climate Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy; Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany; Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Department of Dermatology, Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India; Data Driven Health Division, Hungarian Healthcare Management Association, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Digital Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India; Department of Medical and Surgical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, CA, United States; Wicking Dementia Research and Teaching Centre, University of Newcastle, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Management Department, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas (Clinical Research Center), Fundación Valle del Lili (Valle del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia; Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India; Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Fundamental Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Center in Advancing Community Healthcare, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Medical Oncology Lab, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy-DVL, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Cybersecurity, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, Kyiv, Ukraine; Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, CA, United States; Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Oman Dental College, Muscat, Oman; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Research and Development Coordination, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan; Director of Central Asia Research Collaboration Group, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Science Research Centre, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Health Sciences, Qaiwan International University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman; Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center (CEReSS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria; LIRSSEI Research Lab, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria; Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy; Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Tanda, Kangra, India; Department of Cardiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Emergency Medicine Department, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India; Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Population Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Midwifery, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Palu, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy, Govt. Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Hislop College, Nagpur, India; Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, India; South Asian Institute for Social Transformation (SAIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Research, Eastern Scientific LLC, Richmond, CA, United States; Planetary Health Research Centre (PHRC), Kathmandu, Nepal; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Defence in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Geography, Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; University of Swabi, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; The National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Health Services Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, CA, United States; Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Interventional Cardiology Department, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, CA, United States; Gene Therapy Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Hematology, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Department of Hematology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, BGenoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Northwest Health, Porter, Valparaiso, IN, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; School of Public Health and China Center for Health Developments, Peking University, Beijing, China; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana (Savannah University), Chia, Colombia; Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad De La Sabana (Savannah University Clinic), Chia, Colombia; School of Environment, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CA, United States; The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Centre of Telehealth, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, CA, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Physiology and Physiotherapy, DIT University, Delhi, India; Community Health Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Clinical Research, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Division of Global Health Equity, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, CA, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy; Centre for Global Epilepsy, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Cuore Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, CA, United States; Department of Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada; West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran; Family and Prevention Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, Miami, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India; Department of Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, India; Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, CA, United States; Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, CA, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia; Juiz de For a Federal University, Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil; Department of Health Statistics, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Cardiology, SS. Annunziata Hospital - ASL2 Abruzzo, Chieti, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Critical Care Anesthesiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Escuela de Kinesiología, Diego Portales University, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile; School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Computer, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Iranian Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Department of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Canadian Red Cross, Red Cross, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain; College of Pharmacy, Al-Hadba University, Mosul, Iraq; Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois, Champaign, CA, United States; Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Health Education & Promotion, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Karaj, Iran; Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, CA, United States; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Technology Management Department, University College of Applied Sciences, Gaza, Palestine; School of Economics and Management, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany; College of Nursing, Jouf University, Jouf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Global Initiatives, Child Mind Institute, New York, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Clinical Research Division, Pulmocare Research and Education (PURE) Foundation, Pune, India; Faculty of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Surgical Department, North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Forensic Biology, Government Institute of Forensic Science Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, India; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Primary Healthcare Department, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Child Health Analytics Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Sociology and Gerontology, Miami University, Oxford, CA, United States; Independent Consultant, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Botany Department, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, India; Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore, India; Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Precision Medicine Department, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli), Naples, Italy; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, CA, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, CA, United States; Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, CA, United States; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Psychiatry Clinic, Holy Savior Armenian Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Business and Computing, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; Graduate School of Business, ESAN University, Lima, Peru; Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Stroke Unit and Neurology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, CA, United States; Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Operating Room Department, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Medical Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Statistics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Chennai, India; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Department of Economics and Economic Policies, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, CA, United States; Rita A. Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, The Charutar Vidya Mandal (CVM) University, Anand, India; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS, Bari, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, CA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Division of Neurological Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Science Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland; Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India; Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria; Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India; Department of Forensic Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India; UN Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Cardiology, Government Medical College, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, CA, United States; Department of Nephrology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India; Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India; Department of Engineering, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiotherapy Department, Federal University of Health Sciences, Azare, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, CA, United States; KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; General Surgery Department, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridiski” Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, CA, United States; Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Alimentary Tract Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal; Person-Centered Research, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Kenneth H. Cooper Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, CA, United States; Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Galgotias Multidisciplinary Research & Development Cell, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India; Chair for General Economics, Health Economics and Econometrics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Instituto Salud Publica, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia; Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; RISE Health, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom; Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; Amity institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sceinces, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management-Kundli (NIFTEM-K), Sonipat, India; Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, India; Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India; School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, CA, United States; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, CA, United States; Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India; Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India; Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar Garhwal, India; Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; ESIC Medical College and Hospital, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Ranchi, India; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark; Division of Injury Prevention, The Bizzell Group, Atlanta, CA, United States; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, CA, United States; Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-On-Trent, United Kingdom; University Hospitals North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin (Dutch Part); Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Division of Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, CA, United States; Department of Endocrinology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network), Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Pasadena, CA, United States; 3rd Department of Cardiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, CA, United States; Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, CA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, CA, United States; Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Internal Disease, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Trondheim, Norway; Global Observatory on Pollution and Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, CA, United States; ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, CA, United States; Department of Orthopaedics, Harvard University, Cambridge, CA, United States; Research Department, Nepal Development Society, Kathmandu, Nepal; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Praboromarajchanok Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Department of Physiotherapy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Indonesia Maju, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; University Diabetes Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrated Intelligence and Systems, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; High-Quality Development Evaluation Research Institute, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China; Gandhi Medical College, Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences (KNRUHS), Secunderabad, India; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety, and Environmental Management, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India; Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia; School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Department of Physiotherapy, A.T. Still University, Azare, Nigeria; The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Global Health, Florida International University, Miami, CA, United States; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; Department of Joint and Orthopedics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Taking Our Best Shot, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, CA, United States; Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Institute of General Practice and Interprofessional Care, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Robert Bosch Center for Integrative Medicine and Health, Bosch Health Campus, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Indiana University School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Indianapolis, CA, United States; University of Gondar, Ethiopian Medical Association, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Urology, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, CA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Internal Medicine Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Abdominal Surgery, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bochum, Herne, Germany; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India; Department of Economics, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Radiology, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia; Department of Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Public Health Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Interdisciplinary Health Data Center, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Merilyn and Glick Eye Institute, University of Indiana, Indianapolis, CA, United States; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France; Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Movement Sciences and Sports Training, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, Netherlands; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Department of Health, Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan; John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, CA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, CA, United States; Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan; ALS Vietnam Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Viet Nam; Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom; College of Health Science, Vin University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Kent and Medway Medical School, Kent and Medway Medical School, Canterbury, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, CA, United States; Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Hayatabad Medical Complex, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra University Chak Shahzad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, CA, United States; Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University, Chicago, CA, United States; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal Ministry of Health, Azare, Nigeria; Federal University of Health Sciences Teaching Hospital Azare, Azare, Nigeria; Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, Khairpur, Pakistan; Department of Oncology, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, CA, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari, Tricase, Italy; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, CA, United States; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Mersin, Turkey; Department of Orthodontics, University of Trakya, Edirne, Turkey; Johnson & Johnson, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Neurology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Sociedad Argentina de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Vélez Sarsfield, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy; Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Biochemistry, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Chittoor, Chittoor, India; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, CA, United States; School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; Population Oral Health, Sydney Dental School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Biosciences and Biotechnology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, Infermi Hospital, Rimini, Italy; Department of Neurology & Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid (European University of Madrid), Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Digital Health Research Center, Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, CA, United States; Occupational Medicine Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Cardiac Electrophysiology, St Bernard's Medical Center, Jonesboro, CA, United States; The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá, Brazil, Itajubá, Brazil; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Széchenyi István University, Gyor, Hungary; Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Social Sciences, Chuka University, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Population Studies and Research Institute, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University Malaysia, Xiamen, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China; College of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang City, China; Enze Medical Health Academy, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou, China; School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, CA, United States; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Nursing Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Faculty of Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan; Centre for Health Policy Research, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Adelaide, North Terrace, NSW, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China; Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Geriatrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Stomatological Hospital (College) of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Nursing, Universitas Aisyiyah Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Research Organisation, Inter-Continental Omni-Research in Medicine Collaborative, Berlin, Germany; School of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Brown School of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, CA, United States; Department of Theory and Empiricism of Healthcare, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, CA, United States; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, CA, United States; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, CA, United States; Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Public Health, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan, China; Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Malaysia, Xiamen, China; Division of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Western Institute of Digital-Intelligent Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; Department of Public Health Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, CA, United States; School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China; Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China; Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, CA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, CA, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, CA, United States; Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Public Health Administration, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tian Jin, China; Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, CA, United States; School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; College of pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Hematology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Biotechnology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey; Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Department of Family Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Family Medicine Department, St. Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Biostatics, Epidemiology, and Science Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Public Health Department, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Nankai University, China Population and Development Research Center, Tianjin, China; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Pharmacy Department, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, CA, United States; School of Business & Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Department of Basic Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Haematology, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, India; Department of Emergency Medicine, Global Emergency Medicine Innovation and Implementation (GEMINI) Research Center, Durham, CA, United States; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Family and Community Medicine Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen; Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Basic Sciences Department, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Health Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, CA, United States; Department of Computer and Self Development, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Health Investigation Center, Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Tarija, Bolivia; San Pablo Catholic University Tarija Bolivia, Tarija, Bolivia; Sant'Elia Hospital, University of Catania, Caltanissetta, Italy; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Clinical Practice, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States; School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi ‘an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, CA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, CA, United States; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Health Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; School of Global Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control China and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Applied Science Research Centre, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Building Engineering and Environment, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine; Civil Engineering and Sustainable Structures, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine
