Sandy Arief, Wikan Karis Basutama
This chapter aims to systematically review the current body of literature to gain insights into the progress of cryptocurrency regulations, considering its volatile nature, recent investment surges, and subsequent financial turmoil. It also explores various approaches to cryptocurrency regulation in three different jurisdictions, namely Indonesia, China, and Japan, toward cryptocurrency's classification as a security, commodity, or property while highlighting the associated risks and identifying gaps for future exploration. A structured literature review was conducted to achieve this, presenting a thorough and critical assessment of the available studies on cryptocurrencies. This chapter provides a more robust understanding of cryptocurrency regulation in developed and developing economies. It contributes to an emerging body of literature on the role of government and other institutions in establishing the regulatory framework. It also informs public policy on cryptocurrency in Indonesia, China, and Japan. © 2026 Sandy Arief, Wikan Karis Basutama. All rights reserved.
Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia; Central Bank of Indonesia, Indonesia
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